Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40237249›Full record

ArticleClinical cardiology2025

Rising Mortality Related to Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension: Trends and Disparities in the United States (1999-2023).

Shahnawaz Hashmi, Iqra Safdar, Muhammad Hazqeel Kazmi, Eeshal Zulfiqar, Maryam Shahzad, Sonia Hurjkaliani, Mennatalla Ayyad, Nimra Zuberi, Toqeer Ahmed, Gauri Balan Sujay and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Clinical cardiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. [Costs of pharmacological treatment in hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2026
    Observational
  5. Trends and disparities in mortality due to hypertensive disease and coexisting obesity in the USA: 1999-2023.The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology · 2025
    Article
  6. Observational
  7. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Shahnawaz HashmiJames Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK.
Iqra SafdarSouth Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland, UK.
Muhammad Hazqeel KazmiSouth Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland, UK.
Eeshal ZulfiqarDow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
Maryam ShahzadDow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
Sonia HurjkalianiDow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
Mennatalla AyyadSouth Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland, UK.
Nimra ZuberiSouth Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland, UK.
Toqeer AhmedSouth Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland, UK.
Gauri Balan SujaySouth Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland, UK.
Hamid TalalDoncaster Royal Infirmary, Doncaster, South Yorkshire, UK.
Syeda Hazqah KazmiQuaid e Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
Muhammad Farooq KhanSunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK.
Gabriel ImbianozorSouth Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland, UK.
Mushood AhmedRawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9872-8224
Raheel AhmedRoyal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2814-7314

Funding

The authors received no specific funding for this work.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIndividuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at an increased risk of vascular stiffness and atherosclerosis, which can predispose them to hypertension (HTN). Our study aims to analyze long-term mortality trends related to DM and HTN in the United States (US) and to identify vulnerable populations.

methodsThe CDC WONDER database was used to extract mortality data among adults (≥ 25 years of age) in the US who had concomitant DM and HTN. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were estimated and mortality trends were assessed using annual percentage change (APCs) with JoinPoint.

resultsA total of 2 769 118 deaths were attributed to DM and HTN in the US from 1999 to 2023. The AAMRs increased from 14.9 in 1999 to 66.8 in 2023 reflecting a 4.5-fold increase in mortality. A peak in mortality was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic with AAMR reaching 77.9 in with an APC of 15.7. Men had consistently higher AAMR compared to women (84.5 vs. 52.6 in 2023). Among racial/ethnic groups, non-Hispanic (NH) Black or African American individuals had the highest average AAMR, followed by Hispanic or Latino individuals, NH Other populations, and lastly the NH White individuals. The south had the highest AAMR among census regions and rural areas had higher mortality rates compared to urban areas (85.5 vs. 71.7).

conclusionOur study shows a 4.5-fold increase in DM and HTN-related mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2023. Demographic and geographical disparities were evident with men, NH Blacks or African Americans, and rural areas at the highest risk reflecting the need for improved healthcare.

Indexed as

Diabetes MellitusHealth Status DisparitiesHypertensionAdultAgedCOVID-19FemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedMortalityRisk FactorsUnited Statesdiabetes mellitushypertensionmortalityUnited States

Identifiers

PMID40237249
PMCPMC12000922

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.