Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40235340›Full record

ArticleElectrophoresis2025

Characterization of Taurocholic Acid Binding With Insulin for Potential Oral Formulation Using Different Methods.

Chang Sun, Shuanghao Wang, Huihui Li, David Da Yong Chen

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Electrophoresis, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Chang SunState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Changzhou Institute of Innovation and Development, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
Shuanghao WangState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Changzhou Institute of Innovation and Development, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
Huihui LiState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Changzhou Institute of Innovation and Development, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
David Da Yong ChenDepartment of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 21977050Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In diabetes management, oral formulation of insulin (INS) has the potential to improve safety, convenience, and patient-centered care compared to subcutaneous injections. However, its bioavailability remains limited, necessitating improved delivery strategies. Recent clinical trials indicate that taurocholic acid (TCA) can enhance the bioavailability of oral INS as an absorption enhancer. In this work, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis revealed the formation of 1:1-1:4 INS-TCA complexes. MS/MS was used to explore the fragmentation pathway of complex ions and confirm binding stability in the gas phase. Circular dichroism spectra showed no clear conformational change in INS upon TCA binding, even though TCA enhanced INS's structural stability. Using Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA), we determined the diffusion coefficient and hydrodynamic radius of INS and its complexes. TCA binding was observed to increase INS size in both the 1:1 and 1:2 INS-TCA complexes. The binding constant of INS and TCA (1.3 × 10

Indexed as

InsulinTaurocholic AcidAdministration, OralBinding SitesElectrophoresis, CapillaryMolecular Docking SimulationProtein BindingSpectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationTandem Mass SpectrometryInsulinTaurocholic Acidcapillary electrophoresisinsulininteractionmass spectrometrytaurocholic acid

Identifiers

PMID40235340
PMCPMC12039169

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.