Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40234968›Full record

ArticleReproductive health2025

Relationship between experiencing a challenge or delay accessing contraception and contraceptive self-efficacy: Data from a 2022 nationally representative online survey.

Alex Schulte, Ariana H Bennett, Jennet Arcara, Jamie Bardwell, Aisha Chaudhri, Laura Davis, Brittni Frederiksen, Elizabeth Jones, Catherine Labiran, Raegan McDonald-Mosley and 6 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Reproductive health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Alex SchulteSexual Health and Reproductive Equity Program, School of Social Welfare, University of California, 120 Haviland Hall MC 7400, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7400, USA.
Ariana H BennettSexual Health and Reproductive Equity Program, School of Social Welfare, University of California, 120 Haviland Hall MC 7400, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7400, USA.
Jennet ArcaraSexual Health and Reproductive Equity Program, School of Social Welfare, University of California, 120 Haviland Hall MC 7400, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7400, USA.
Jamie BardwellConverge, Jackson, MS, USA.
Aisha ChaudhriIllinois Caucus for Adolescent Health, Chicago, IL, USA.
Laura DavisAdvocates for Youth, Washington, DC, USA.
Brittni FrederiksenKaiser Family Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Elizabeth JonesNational Family Planning & Reproductive Health Association, Washington, DC, USA.
Catherine LabiranIndependent Consultant, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Raegan McDonald-MosleyPower to Decide, Washington, DC, USA.
Whitney RiceCenter for Reproductive Health Research in the Southeast (RISE), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Tara SteinNYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA.
Ena Suseth ValladaresNursing Student, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Kari WhiteResound Research for Reproductive Health, Austin, TX, USA.
Cassondra MarshallSchool of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Anu Manchikanti GomezSexual Health and Reproductive Equity Program, School of Social Welfare, University of California, 120 Haviland Hall MC 7400, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7400, USA. anugomez@berkeley.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPrevious research has found self-efficacy is associated with reproductive health behaviors and outcomes. However, few studies have quantitatively examined the relationship between barriers accessing contraception and self-efficacy. In addition, existing population-level metrics of contraceptive access tend to focus on method availability, uptake, and use, rather than people's self-defined needs and preferences. This study uses person-centered metrics to assess the relationship between experiencing a recent challenge or delay obtaining desired contraception and two measures of contraceptive self-efficacy.

methodsIn 2022, we fielded a nationally representative survey in English and Spanish using NORC's AmeriSpeak panel, surveying non-sterile 15- to 44-year-olds assigned female sex at birth in the U.S. We describe common challenges and delays obtaining contraception and present the distribution of experiencing a challenge or delay obtaining contraception by key sociodemographic and reproductive health characteristics. We also conduct logistic regression analyses to investigate associations between experiencing a challenge/delay and two measures of contraceptive self-efficacy: confidence in obtaining a desired method when wanted and perceived ease of switching methods when wanted.

resultsAmong the analytic sample of respondents who had ever used or tried to obtain a contraceptive product, device, or procedure (unweighted n = 2,771), about 14% experienced a challenge/delay obtaining desired contraception in the past year. The most common reasons for challenges or delays were related to logistics (transportation, childcare, scheduling; 38.2%) and cost/insurance coverage (35.8%). Among those who experienced a challenge/delay obtaining desired contraception (unweighted n = 301), higher proportions were younger, identified as non-heterosexual, had lower educational attainment, and could afford smaller emergency expenses compared to the subgroup that did not experience a challenge/delay. Experiencing a challenge/delay was associated with decreased odds of feeling very or somewhat confident in obtaining a desired method (aOR 0.14; 95% CI 0.07, 0.25) and decreased odds of feeling it would be very or somewhat easy to switch contraceptive methods (aOR 0.48; 95% CI 0.33, 0.71).

conclusionsEliminating barriers to contraceptive care is crucial to achieving person-centered access. Our research suggests that experiencing a challenge/delay has implications not only for recent contraceptive access but also influences self-efficacy, potentially inhibiting future ability to obtain and use desired contraception.

Indexed as

ContraceptionContraception BehaviorFamily Planning ServicesHealth Services AccessibilitySelf EfficacyAdolescentAdultFemaleHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHumansSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited StatesYoung AdultAccess barriersContraceptionPerson-centered careSelf-efficacy

Identifiers

PMID40234968
PMCPMC12001391

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.