Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40234920›Full record

ReviewJournal of neuroinflammation2025

Analysis and interpretation of inflammatory fluid markers in Alzheimer's disease: a roadmap for standardization.

Brianne M Bettcher, Fabricio Ferreira de Oliveira, Auriel A Willette, Malgorzata M Michalowska, Luiza Santos Machado, Binita Rajbanshi, Wyllians V Borelli, Malú Gámez Tansey, Andréia Rocha, Vidyani Suryadevara and 1 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Observational
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Brianne M BettcherDepartment of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12469 East 17th Place, Room 217- Campus Box F429, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. brianne.bettcher@cuanschutz.edu.
Fabricio Ferreira de OliveiraEscola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Auriel A WilletteDepartment of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Center for Healthy Aging Research, Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers Health, New Brunswick, USA.
Malgorzata M MichalowskaDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Luiza Santos MachadoDepartment of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Binita RajbanshiDepartment of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, USA.
Wyllians V BorelliDepartment of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Malú Gámez TanseyDepartment of Neurology, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
Andréia RochaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
Vidyani SuryadevaraDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
William T HuDepartment of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Center for Healthy Aging Research, Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers Health, New Brunswick, USA.

Funding

CSF, MRI, and PET biomarkers of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's diseaseR01AG054046 · NIA · RBHS-ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI HU, WILLIAM TZU-LUNG · 2016 to 2020
$3.9M
Puberty-related development of fronto-amygdala circuitry in anxious youth: A multimodal neuroimaging study with ultra-high resolution MRI scanner (7T) - SupplementR01MH126979 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH · PI LADOUCEUR, CECILE D. · 2021 to 2025
$3.8M
Investigating the Contribution of Peripheral versus Central Nervous System Immune Dysfunction to Cognitive AgingR01AG058772 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI BETTCHER, BRIANNE MAGOUIRK · 2019 to 2023
$3.7M
Role of estradiol and related hormones on inflammation, sleep, and risks for Alzheimer's diseaseR01AG066203 · NIA · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI HU, WILLIAM TZU-LUNG, WHARTON, WHITNEY LEE · 2019 to 2023
$3.6M
Transfer RF1 AG054991 Beyond Haploinsuffiency- Gain of Function in Prograulin MutationsRF1AG054991 · NIA · RBHS-ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI HU, WILLIAM TZU-LUNG · 2019 to 2019
$3.4M
Insulin Resistance, Biomarkers of Brain Function, and Intermittent Calorie RestrictionR00AG047282 · NIA · IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY · PI WILLETTE, AURIEL · 2016 to 2021
$730k
Alzheimer's Association AARFD-24-1307665FAPESP - The State of São Paulo Research Foundation #2015/10109-5National Institute of Health R00 AG047282; R01 MH126979; R21 EB034184National Institute of Health R01 AG054046, RF1 AG054991, R01 AG066203, RF1 AG079251NIA NIH HHS R00 AG047282NIA NIH HHS R01 AG054046NIA NIH HHS R01 AG058772NIA NIH HHS R01 AG066203NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG054991NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH126979
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Growing interest in the role of the immune response in Alzheimer's Disease and related dementias (ADRD) has led to widespread use of fluid inflammatory markers in research studies. To standardize the use and interpretation of inflammatory markers in AD research, we build upon prior guidelines to develop consensus statements and recommendations to advance application and interpretation of these markers. In this roadmap paper, we propose a glossary of terms related to the immune response in the context of biomarker discovery/validation, discuss current conceptualizations of inflammatory markers in research, and recommend best practices to address key knowledge gaps. We also provide consensus principles to summarize primary conceptual, methodological, and interpretative issues facing the field: (1) a single inflammatory marker is likely insufficient to describe an entire biological cascade, and multiple markers with similar or distinct functions should be simultaneously measured in a panel; (2) association studies in humans are insufficient to infer causal relationships or mechanisms; (3) neuroinflammation displays time-dependent and disease context-dependent patterns; (4) neuroinflammatory mechanisms should not be inferred based solely on blood inflammatory marker changes; and (5) standardized reporting of CSF inflammatory marker assay validation and performance will improve incorporation of inflammatory markers into the biological AD criteria.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseBiomarkersInflammationInflammation MediatorsHumansBiomarkersInflammation MediatorsAlzheimer’s diseaseBiomarkersImmuneInflammationInflammatory markers

Identifiers

PMID40234920
PMCPMC11998147

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.