ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025
High Concordance between Vaginal Samples and Cervical Samples of Human Papillomavirus in Women Living with HIV in Rwanda.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus infections and cytological abnormalities in asymptomatic women living with HIV in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Methodological Factors Affecting Canine Vaginal Cytology: The Influence of Sampling Site, Swab Condition, and Fixation Method.Veterinary medicine international · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundChronic infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) is necessary for the development of almost all cervical cancers. The study assessed the prevalence of vaginal and cervical HPV infections in women living with HIV (WLWH) in Rwanda and assessed the performance of vaginal HPV screening to detect cervical HPV infections.
methodsHIV-positive women (N = 413) attending the HIV clinic at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda, were interviewed and vaginal and cervical swab samples for HPV testing and a pap smear sample were taken. RT-PCR was performed to detect twelve high-risk (HR)-HPVs (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59 and two low-risk (LR)-HPVs (HPV6 and 11) and conventional cytology was performed.
resultsVaginal HR-HPV/LR-HPV infections occurred in 39.2%/4.4% of women, while cervical HR-HPV/LR-HPV infections occurred in 38.3%/4.8% of women. HPV58 (14.3%/13.5%), HPV52 (12.5%/12.4%), HPV51 (12.9%/11.7%) and HPV16 (9.9%/11.3%) were the most prevalent HPV infections in the vagina/cervix and one third of HPV-positive women were infected with more than one HPV type. Normal cytology was less common in women with cervical HR-HPV infections compared to HPV-negative women (75.8% and 87.9%, respectively, p = 0.032). The type-specific HPV agreement for all HPV types between vaginal and cervical samples was 98.4% (kappa: 0.82 ± 0.02; p < 0.0001). Screening for vaginal HPVs gave a sensitivity of 83.5% (confidence interval: 78.4-87.7), specificity of 99.1% (98.8-99.3%), positive predictive value of 81.6% (77.0-85.5%) and negative predictive value of 99.2% (99.0-99.4%) for cervical HPV infections.
conclusionsHR-HPVs are common in WLWH in Rwanda. Vaginal HPV testing may potentially be used to simplify cervical cancer screening in the future in Rwanda.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.