Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40234454›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Multimode ultrastrong coupling in three-dimensional photonic-crystal cavities.

Fuyang Tay, Ali Mojibpour, Stephen Sanders, Shuang Liang, Hongjing Xu, Geoff C Gardner, Andrey Baydin, Michael J Manfra, Alessandro Alabastri, David Hagenmüller and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Polaritonic Spectra of Optical Mie Voids.Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Fuyang TayDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-5104
Ali MojibpourDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
Stephen SandersDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-9828
Shuang LiangDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-7521
Hongjing XuDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4918-8502
Geoff C GardnerSchool of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5469-9257
Andrey BaydinDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2567-3506
Michael J ManfraDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2049-8438
Alessandro AlabastriDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
David HagenmüllerCESQ-ISIS (UMR 7006), Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, Strasbourg, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4129-9312
Junichiro KonoDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. kono@rice.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-0577

Funding

United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (ARO) W911NF2110157W. M. Keck Foundation (W.M. Keck Foundation) 995764
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Recent theoretical studies have highlighted how spatially varying cavity electromagnetic fields enable novel cavity quantum electrodynamics phenomena, such as the Dicke superradiant phase transition. Three-dimensional photonic-crystal cavities, which exhibit discrete in-plane translational symmetry, overcome this limitation, but fabrication challenges have hindered the achievement of strong coupling. Here, we demonstrate multimode ultrastrong coupling between cavity modes of a three-dimensional photonic-crystal cavity at terahertz frequencies and the cyclotron resonance of a Landau-quantized two-dimensional electron gas in gallium arsenide. The multimode coupling depends on the spatial profiles of the cavity modes, resulting in distinct coupling scenarios based on probe polarization. Our results align with an extended multimode Hopfield model that accounts for spatial field variations. Guided by the model, we discuss possible strong ground-state correlations between cavity modes and introduce relevant figures of merit for multimode ultrastrong coupling. Our findings highlight the crucial role of spatial inhomogeneity in multimode ultrastrong coupling.

Identifiers

PMID40234454
PMCPMC12000563

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.