ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2025
The Q226L mutation can convert a highly pathogenic H5 2.3.4.4e virus to bind human-type receptors.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Reassortment of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza as a Driver for Zoonotic Spillover, Asia.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Diminished sialoside binding in novel H5N1 influenza hemagglutinin variants identified in a human patient.Nature communications · 2026Article
- In silico analysis of pH stabilising mutations of hemagglutinin of influenza A virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b.Npj viruses · 2026Review
- Acquisition of specific human respiratory tract binding by 2.3.4.4b H5N1 hemagglutinins requires multiple mutations.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Rapid Expansion of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Genotype D1.1 Virus across Flyway Regions, North America, Fall 2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The receptor binding properties of H5Ny influenza A viruses have evolved to bind to avian-type mucin-like O-glycans.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Computational Structural Analysis Predicts Host-Range Promiscuity and Antiviral Resistance in North American H5N1 Lineages.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Influenza A Virus H5N1 Subtype: Resurgent Interspecies and Intercontinental Transmission, and a New Host.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The hemagglutinin proteins of clades 1 and 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exhibit comparable attachment patterns to avian and mammalian tissues.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Recent advances in avian influenza virus: Molecular pathogenesis, emerging strains, and next-generation therapeutics.World journal of virology · 2025Review
- A Review of Cross-Species Transmission Mechanisms of Influenza Viruses.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
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Abstract
H5Nx viruses continue to wreak havoc in avian and mammalian species worldwide. The virus distinguishes itself by the ability to replicate to high titers and transmit efficiently in a wide variety of hosts in diverse climatic environments. Fortunately, transmission to and between humans is scarce. Yet, if such an event were to occur, it could spark a pandemic as humans are immunologically naïve to H5 viruses. A significant determinant of transmission to and between humans is the ability of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein to shift from an avian-type to a human-type receptor specificity. Here, we demonstrate that a 2016 2.3.4.4e virus HA can convert to human-type receptor binding via a single Q226L mutation, in contrast to a cleavage-modified 2016 2.3.4.4b virus HA. Using glycan arrays, X-ray structural analyses, tissue- and direct glycan binding, we show that L133a Δ and 227Q are vital for this phenotype. Thus, whereas the 2.3.4.4e virus HA only needs a single amino acid mutation, the modified 2016 2.3.4.4b HA was not easily converted to human-type receptor specificity.
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