ArticleForensic toxicology2025
Evaluation of dried blood spot sampling for verification of exposure to chemical threat agents.
Article in Forensic toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- From field prick to decision-grade proof: a dried blood spot and volumetric absorptive microsampling framework for verifying chemical-agent exposure.Forensic toxicology · 2026Article
- Determination of THC and THC-COOH in Dried Capillary Blood Spots and Comparison to Venous Blood of Recreational Cannabis Consumers in a Pilot Study.Drug testing and analysis · 2026Article
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7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeExposure to chemical threat agents (CTAs), including nerve agents, the vesicating agent sulfur mustard, and opioids, remains a significant threat to warfighter and civilian populations. Definitive analytical methods to verify exposure to CTAs require shipping refrigerated or frozen biomedical samples to reference laboratories for analysis. Logistical and financial burdens arise as the transport of biomedical samples is subject to strict restrictions and complex packaging, which, if done incorrectly, can lead to sample deterioration. The use of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling could provide operational improvements for collecting, storing, and shipping important forensic samples. Therefore, this effort focuses on developing DBS techniques with Mitra® 30-µL volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS®) devices for use in CTA exposure verification.
methodsVAMS® devices were loaded and dried with human whole blood that was exposed to the metabolites pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMPA), ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA), 1,1'sulfonylbis[2-(methylsulfinyl)ethane] (SBMSE), norfentanyl, norcarfentanil, norsufentanil, and norlofentanil. Following extraction from the VAMS® devices, metabolites were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The methods were validated for performance by assessing sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and recovery.
resultsThese methods were sensitive to 1 ng/mL for SBMSE, 0.5 ng/mL for PMPA, EMPA, and norfentanyl; 0.1 ng/mL for norlofentanil, and 0.05 ng/mL for norsufentanil and norcarfentanil. All methods met acceptable precision and accuracy criteria with favorable recovery.
conclusionsThese results demonstrated the utility of VAMS® in stabilizing human whole blood and show promise as an improved collection method for verification of exposure to various CTAs.
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