The role of Panax ginseng in neurodegenerative disorders: mechanisms, benefits, and future directions.

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Multiple sclerosis (MS), and Huntington's disease (HD) represent a growing global health challenge, especially with aging populations. Characterized by progressive neuronal loss, these diseases lead to cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Current therapies largely address symptoms without halting disease progression, underscoring the need for innovative, disease-modifying treatments. Ginseng, a traditional herbal medicine with well-known adaptogenic and neuroprotective properties, has gained attention as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegeneration. Rich in bioactive compounds called ginsenosides, ginseng exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, making it a promising candidate for addressing the complex pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies demonstrate that ginsenosides modulate disease-related processes such as oxidative stress, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. In AD models, ginsenosides have been shown to reduce amyloid-beta accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation, while in PD, they help protect dopaminergic neurons and mitigate motor symptoms. Ginseng's effects in ALS, MS, and HD models include improving motor function, extending neuronal survival, and reducing cellular toxicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the neuroprotective mechanisms of ginseng, emphasizing its therapeutic potential across various neurodegenerative diseases and discussing future research directions for its integration into clinical practice.