ArticleWellcome open research2025
Identification of coxsackievirus A24 variant during an acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreak in coastal Kenya, 2024.
Article in Wellcome open research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Conjunctivitis outbreak associated with Enterovirus Type C in Luzira Prisons, Uganda, February-April 2024.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Genomic epidemiology of coxsackievirus A24 variant during the 2024 acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreak in Coastal Kenya.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Article
- Coxsackievirus A24 variant whole genome sequencing from clinical samples using a three overlapping amplicons strategy.Wellcome open research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
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Abstract
Background: In early 2024, a surge in acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), also referred as "red eye" disease, was observed in coastal Kenya, prompting the Ministry of Health to issue an outbreak alert. Herein, we investigated the etiology of this outbreak. Methods: Ocular swabs were obtained from 13 individuals presenting with AHC at a Mombasa clinic in early February 2024. Ten of these were analyzed using bacterial cultures, and all 13 using a pan-adenovirus quantitative PCR (qPCR) and metagenomic sequencing. Potential viral etiology was confirmed by a specific qPCR, amplicon sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Bacterial cultures yielded no growth except in three samples where non-pathogenic bacteria were detected. All 13 samples were adenovirus qPCR negative. Metagenomic sequencing detected coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) in three of the 13 samples. CV-A24v detections were confirmed by both CV-A24v specific qPCR and amplicon sequencing of an approximately 450 nucleotide long VP4/2 junction genomic region. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4/2 sequences showed that they were closely related to CV-A24v genotype IV. Conclusion: The AHC epidemic in coastal Kenya in early 2024 was likely caused by CA24v. Metagenomic sequencing is a powerful tool for identifying potential causative agents of new disease outbreaks.
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