SynthesisFrontiers in psychiatry2025
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of EEG neurofeedback combined with pharmacological treatment on the positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.
Synthesis in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Brain-computer interface: an update for the clinicians.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of EEG neurofeedback (EEG-NF) combined with pharmacological treatment on positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase databases until January 25, 2025. Literature quality was assessed using the PEDro and CRED-NF checklists. Meta-analysis and publication bias tests were performed using RevMan 5.4.1 and Stata 18.0, respectively, with evidence quality evaluated via GRADEpro. Results: Fourteen studies (1371 patients) were included. EEG-NF combined with pharmacological treatment significantly improved positive (SMD=-0.87) and negative symptoms (SMD=-1.28). Subgroup analysis showed greater improvement in patients aged ≥45 years (positive: SMD=-1.05; negative: SMD=-1.64). For positive symptoms, better outcomes were observed with intervention periods ≥8 weeks, frequency ≥4 times/week, and disease duration ≥5 years (SMD=-1.04, -0.94, -0.94). For negative symptoms, better outcomes were seen with intervention periods ≥8 weeks, frequency ≥4 times/week, and disease duration <5 years (SMD=-1.34, -1.68, -1.26). Mental and emotional disorders treatment regimens targeting sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) and beta waves showed significant improvement in both positive (SMD=-0.98) and negative symptoms (SMD=-1.49). Conclusion: EEG-NF combined with pharmacological treatment effectively improves schizophrenia symptoms. A regimen of ≥4 sessions/week for ≥8 weeks, targeting SMR and beta waves, is recommended. However, publication bias may limit the generalizability of findings. Future research should prioritize larger-scale, multicenter studies to evaluate long-term efficacy and mechanisms. Systematic Review Registration: www.crd.york.ac.uk, identifier CRD42024593505.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.