Simulation-based learning in orthopaedics:

Introduction: Simulation-based learning has emerged as a transformative tool in orthopaedic education, significantly improving surgical training and patient safety. This systematic review examines the role of simulation in enhancing technical skills, decision-making, and clinical competence among orthopaedic trainees. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to assess the effectiveness of simulation-based training in orthopaedics. Various simulation modalities, including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), haptic feedback systems, and task-based trainers, were analyzed for their impact on skill acquisition and retention. The study was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD420250652679). Results: Key findings suggest that simulation-based training leads to reduced surgical errors, faster learning curves, and better skill retention. However, challenges such as high costs, limited access to advanced simulation tools, and difficulties in integrating these technologies into traditional curricula persist. Conclusion: Simulation is expected to play a crucial role in modernizing orthopaedic education by providing safe, repeatable practice opportunities. Future directions include AI-driven training modules and collaborative VR platforms to further enhance training efficacy and patient outcomes.