ArticleJournal of dental sciences2025
The study of three-dimensional smile changes on orofacial morphology.
Article in Journal of dental sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Innovative digital workflow for complete denture rehabilitation using customized impression trays enabling aesthetic preview and digitally guided maxillomandibular registration.Journal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background/purpose: Traditionally, two-dimensional (2D) frontal and lateral facial views have provided an incomplete understand true three-dimensional (3D) relationships. This study aimed to investigate the 3D changes in orofacial soft tissues during smiling and to examine the influence of craniofacial and dental morphology on these changes. Materials and methods: 131 individuals aged 18-30 with attractive facial features were recruited. Rest and posed smile 3D facial photos captured by 3D camera and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were taken. Data were recorded and analyzed in rest, smile images, and smiling change measurements, including 23 landmarks, 11 linear, and 6 angular measurements. Statistical methods were used to analyze the frequency distribution, the significant difference between rest and smile variables, and the relationship between craniofaciodental tissue and 3D smile changes. Results: The study involved 65 males (mean age 23.5 ± 3.2 years) and 66 females (mean age 22.5 ± 1.5 years). The soft tissue landmarks changed during smiling reveals that 21 landmarks in z-plane, 22 landmarks in y-plane, and 15 landmarks in x-plane landmarks showed significant differences. In addition, a significant correlation was noted between upper lip length (sn-uli) (r = 0.46, Conclusion: The significant 3D change of soft tissue landmarks during smiling occurs mostly in z and y-plane, rather than x-plane. Clinically, all dimensions should be considered in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, especially in the z plane the change cannot be seen in the traditional 2D analysis.
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