ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2025
Overcoming immunotherapy resistance in glioblastoma: challenges and emerging strategies.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with standard treatment versus standard treatment alone for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurosurgical review · 2026Pooled it
- Nanoparticle-Based delivery of proteasome inhibitors for glioblastoma Therapy: Strategies to overcome Blood-Brain barrier and therapeutic resistance.Biochemical pharmacology · 2026Review
- Review
- Immune checkpoint crosstalk between LAG-3 and CD39/CD73 in glioblastoma: dual-pathway regulation of metabolic exhaustion and therapeutic reversal strategies.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- T-Cell Exhaustion in the Tumor Microenvironment: Subcellular Dysfunction, Pan-Cancer Characteristics, and Therapeutic Interventions.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Article
- Major Ethnic Populations Are Significantly Differentiated at the Glioblastoma Multiforme Candidate Loci.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Modeling blood-brain barrier-glioblastoma interactions: implications for chemoresistance and therapeutic targeting.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Review
- PARP Inhibition potentiates boron neutron capture therapy in chemoresistant glioblastoma via DNA repair disruption.Japanese journal of radiology · 2026Article
- RBM15B enhancing ITGA1 mRNA stability can accelerate glioblastoma tumorigenesis via the PI3K-Akt pathway.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Review
- Overcoming Chemoresistance in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Strategies, and Functional Precision Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Recurrent Glioblastoma and the Tumor Immune Landscape: Emerging Immunotherapeutic Strategies.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Review
- Adoptive transfer of ILC2s reveals tumor homing in glioblastoma: a proof-of-concept study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages in DMG/DIPG: emerging molecular and biophysical strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A spatiotemporal state-inference framework for adaptive immunotherapy in glioblastoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Engineering spherical nucleic acids for precision cancer therapy: design strategies and medical applications.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Current Status and Evolution of Immunotherapy in Glioma Management.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
- CAR-T Cell Therapy in Glioblastoma: Overcoming Immunological Barriers and Advancing Clinical Translation.Cancer management and research · 2026Review
- The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by rapid proliferation, extensive infiltration, and significant intratumoral heterogeneity. Despite advancements in conventional treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis for GBM patients remains poor, with a median survival of approximately 15 months. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative; however, the unique biological and immunological features, including its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and low mutational burden, render it resistant to many immunotherapeutic strategies. This review explores the key challenges in GBM immunotherapy, focusing on immune evasion mechanisms, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the TME. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cells have shown promise in preclinical models but have limited clinical success due to antigen heterogeneity, immune cell exhaustion, and impaired trafficking across the BBB. Emerging strategies, including dual-targeting CAR-T cells, engineered immune cells secreting therapeutic molecules, and advanced delivery systems to overcome the BBB, show potential for enhancing treatment efficacy. Addressing these challenges is crucial for improving GBM immunotherapy outcomes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.