ReviewJPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition2025
GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5-year update.
Review in JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prevalence of malnutrition and nutritional risk, and associated factors in adults with head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- The global state of GLIM criteria in oncology: a bibliometric analysis of research trends (2019-2025).Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Association between malnutrition and prognosis in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Malnutrition in Obesity: When BMI-Based Screening Masks Clinical Risk.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Review
- Review
- An Inflammation-Adjusted Framework for Nutritional Assessment in Multimorbid Patients with Advanced Neurological Diseases.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition in patients with cirrhosis: A narrative review.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2026Review
- Combined GLIM-defined malnutrition and sarcopenia and the risk of 2-year mortality in adults with heart failure: A FRAGILE-HF study post hoc analysis.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2026Observational
- [Nutritional management in orthogeriatrics : Current evidence and recommendations for the practice].Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie · 2026Review
- Normative Reference Values and Cut-Off Points for Nutritional Ultrasound: The VALORES Study.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
- MASLD and Pancreatic Diseases: From Shared Mechanisms to Clinical Implications and Future Directions.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders: Mechanisms, Assessment, and Management.Current gastroenterology reports · 2026Review
- Nonlinear association between the triglyceride-cholesterol-body weight index and GLIM-defined hospital-acquired malnutrition among Chinese hospitalized adults: a multicenter prospective cohort study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Observational
- When the Scale Drops: Pathways to Weight Loss in Parkinson's Disease and Future Directions.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Guidance for the assessment of the dietary intake and gastrointestinal or nutrition impact symptoms etiologic criterion of Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition: A modified-Delphi study.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2026Review
- Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition as a predictor of mortality and prolonged hospitalization in emergency department patients: A prospective cohort study.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2026Article
- Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and the Risk of Sarcopenia: The Mediating Role of Serum Albumin.Toxics · 2026Article
- Article
- Diagnostic Labeling Patterns of Malnutrition and Undernutrition in Japan: A Nationwide Patient Estimation Database Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Temporal change in skeletal muscle index as a predictor of recurrence for patients with locally advanced colorectal malignancy: a retrospective cohort study.Cancer imaging : the official publication of the International Cancer Imaging Society · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
43 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) introduced an approach for malnutrition diagnosis in 2019 that comprised screening followed by assessment of three phenotypic criteria (weight loss, low body mass index [BMI], and low muscle mass) and two etiologic criteria (reduced food intake/assimilation and inflammation/disease burden). This planned update reconsiders the GLIM framework based on published knowledge and experience over the past 5 years.
methodsA working group (n = 43 members) conducted a literature search spanning 2019-2024 using the keywords "Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition or GLIM." Prior GLIM guidance activities for using the criteria on muscle mass and inflammation were reviewed. Successive rounds of revision and review were used to achieve consensus.
resultsMore than 400 scientific reports were published in peer-reviewed journals, forming the basis of 10 systematic reviews, some including meta-analyses of GLIM validity that indicate strong construct and predictive validity. Limitations and future priorities are discussed. Working group findings suggest that assessment of low muscle mass should be guided by experience and available technological resources. Clinical judgment may suffice to evaluate the inflammation/disease burden etiologic criterion. No revisions of the weight loss, low BMI, or reduced food intake/assimilation criteria are suggested. After two rounds of review and revision, the working group secured 100% agreement with the conclusions reported in the 5-year update.
conclusionOngoing initiatives target priorities that include malnutrition risk screening procedures, GLIM adaptation to the intensive care setting, assessment in support of the reduced food intake/assimilation criterion, and determination of malnutrition in obesity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.