ArticleArhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju2025
Morphine and codeine in racing horse feed: is there reason for concern?
Article in Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Opiates such as morphine and codeine are substances often misused to improve the performance of racing horses during competitions and are therefore on the International Federation for Equestrian Sports' list of prohibited substances. However, a positive antidoping test may be due to the consumption of feed (mainly lucerne or oats) contaminated by opium poppy containing the alkaloids morphine and codeine. In order to determine whether a positive antidoping test is the result of an intentional abuse of opiates or consumption of feed contaminated by poppies, we optimised conditions for the extraction of morphine and codeine from dehydrated lucerne and developed and validated a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the simultaneous determination of both analytes. The most efficient extraction of morphine and codeine from dehydrated lucerne was achieved using a citrate buffer pH4 followed by solid phase extraction. The method showed satisfactory linearity (R
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