Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40222009›Full record

ArticleCell reports2025

Phenotypic heterogeneity defines B cell responses to repeated SARS-CoV-2 exposures through vaccination and infection.

Lela Kardava, James Lim, Clarisa M Buckner, Felipe Lopes de Assis, Xiaozhen Zhang, Wei Wang, Mattie L Melnyk, Omar El Merhebi, Krittin Trihemasava, I-Ting Teng and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cell reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Lela KardavaLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
James LimMonoceros Biosystems, San Diego, CA 29130, USA.
Clarisa M BucknerLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Felipe Lopes de AssisLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Xiaozhen ZhangLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Wei WangLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Mattie L MelnykLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Omar El MerhebiLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Krittin TrihemasavaLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
I-Ting TengVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Robin CarrollVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Yogita JethmalaniVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Mike CastroVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Bob C LinVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Lauren H PraissLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Catherine A SeamonCritical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Peter D KwongVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Richard A KoupVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Leonid SerebryannyyVaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
David C NickleMonoceros Biosystems, San Diego, CA 29130, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
Tae-Wook ChunLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Susan MoirLaboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Electronic address: smoir@niaid.nih.gov.

Funding

Immunologic Studies Associated with COVID-19 ZIAAI001325 · NIAID · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES · PI MOIR, SUSAN · 2020 to 2025
$1.3M
Intramural NIH HHS ZIA AI001325
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Long-lived humoral memory is key to durable immunity against pathogens yet remains challenging to define due to heterogeneity among antigen-reactive B cells. We addressed this gap through longitudinal sampling over the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccinations with or without breakthrough infection. High-dimensional phenotypic profiling performed on ∼72 million B cells showed that receptor-binding domain (RBD) reactivity was associated with five distinct immunoglobulin G (IgG) B cell populations. Two expressed the activation marker CD71, both correlated with neutralizing antibodies, yet the one lacking the memory marker CD27 was induced by vaccination and blunted by infection. Two were resting memory populations; one lacking CD73 arose early and contributed to cross-reactivity; the other, expressing CD73, arose later and correlated with neutralizing antibodies. The fifth, a rare germinal center-like population, contributed to recall responses and was highly cross reactive. Overall, robust and distinct responses to booster vaccination overcame the superiority of hybrid immunity provided by breakthrough infection.

Indexed as

B-LymphocytesCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesSARS-CoV-2AdultAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralFemaleHumansImmunization, SecondaryImmunoglobulin GImmunologic MemoryMaleMemory B CellsPhenotypeSpike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralCOVID-19 VaccinesImmunoglobulin GSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusadaptive immune memoryantibodiesB cellsbooster vaccinationbreakthrough infectionCOVID-19 mRNA vaccinesCP: Immunologyhybrid immunitySARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID40222009
PMCPMC12080740

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.