SynthesisEnvironmental health : a global access science source2025
Sex differences in the impact of extreme heat on cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Environmental health : a global access science source, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Attributing heatwave mortality to human-induced climate change in Greece: a case-crossover and attribution analysis for 2000-2019.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- Contemporary disasters may not kill more women than men: an empirical inquiry into sex-differentiated fatalities in the twenty-first century.Disasters · 2026Article
- Assessing Intraurban Variation in Heat-Attributable Health Burden to Inform Local Interventions.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Demographic Profiles, Clinical Characteristics, and Meteorological Context of Heat-Related Illnesses among Hajj Pilgrims in 2023.Saudi medical journal · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Effects of High Temperature on Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalizations in Montreal.CJC open · 2026Article
- Predicting Daily Cardiovascular Emergencies Using Weather and Air Quality Data: A 23-Year Machine-Learning Analysis in Taiwan.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Heat-related illness and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: causal inference using marginal structural models.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Heat, health and inequalities in the WHO European region - a scoping review with an intersectional lens.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Temporal trends and disparities in heat-related cardiovascular mortality in the United States (1999-2024): a CDC WONDER analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- UHR as a systemic sensor of cumulative heat exposure and subclinical cardiovascular injury: evidence from 64,088 adults.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- National mortality burden attributable to the unprecedented heatwave in 2022 in China.Military Medical Research · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Oxidative Stress Concerning Allergic Diseases.Biomolecules · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundClimate change is intensifying extreme heat events, posing significant risks to cardiovascular health. While sex differences in heat vulnerability have been observed, the evidence remains inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined sex-specific associations between extreme heat exposure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes over the past decade.
methodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus for studies published between 2004 and 2024 that reported sex-stratified cardiovascular outcomes associated with heat exposure following the PRISMA guidelines. The quality of the evidence was evaluated following the Navigation Guide Criteria. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to calculate pooled relative risk ratios (RRR) comparing males to females for studies addressing incremental temperature increase. Heat wave studies were synthesized narratively due to methodological heterogeneity.
resultsOf 6126 articles, 79 met inclusion criteria (62 in meta-analysis, 17 in narrative synthesis), primarily from East Asia, Europe, and North America. A 1 °C temperature increase was associated with elevated cardiovascular risks for both sexes. The pooled relative risk ratio (RRR) comparing males to females was 1.008 [1.002-1.014] for mortality, suggesting slightly higher female vulnerability, but not for morbidity (RRR 0.996 [0.987-1.004]). Significant heterogeneity was noted (Mortality I² = 50.3%, Morbidity I² = 70.3%). Heat wave studies showed inconsistent sex-specific impacts across populations.
conclusionsFemales showed marginally higher vulnerability to heat-related cardiovascular mortality compared to males, while no significant sex differences were observed for morbidity outcomes. Future research should focus on understanding these mechanisms and developing sex-specific interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.