ArticleBMC public health2025
Water sources and educational attainment in Colombian adults: evidence from the national nutritional survey.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Essential and non-essential metals in children's intellectual functioning: A multi-media biomarker approach from a Mexico City birth cohort.Environmental research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAcademic achievement is essential to people's individual and social development by enhancing opportunities for significant personal achievement throughout life. Exposure to toxic agents due to poor water quality may negatively influence neurodevelopment in children and adolescents into adulthood.
objectiveWe aimed to estimate the association between the type of water for drinking purposes and academic achievements in Colombian adults.
methodsWe designed a cross-sectional study based on the National Survey of Nutritional Situation in Colombia (Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia -ENSIN-) 2015. Academic achievement in our study was classified as less than complete primary school (0-4 years), between complete primary and incomplete secondary (5-10 years), between complete secondary and incomplete higher education (11-15 years), and complete higher education and more (16-24 years). We utilized adjusted ordinal logistic regression to estimate betas (β's) and Odds Ratio [OR] with 95% confidence intervals [95%CI].
resultsAfter adjusting for potential confounders, we report an inverse association between consumption of untreated water and academic attainments, where individuals who drink surface water [β: -0.625; 95%CI: -0.629, -0.620], or groundwater [β: -0.368; 95%CI: -0.372, -0.364] were less likely to achieve higher educational levels compared to those consuming treated water. This pattern was similar across the country when disaggregated by region.
conclusionWe found that people with lower levels of education are more likely to consume untreated water in Colombia. Our results encourage improving access to treated water to the population with an emphasis on rural communities and the Atlantic region.
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