ArticleScientific reports2025
Optimization of glutaraldehyde concentration in relation to swelling behavior of PVA-PEG-BTB film using hybrid genetic metaheuristic algorithm.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Wisdom across interfaces: Adhesion mechanism and application potential of wet-adhesive hydrogel in periodontal tissue.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Biopolymer-based hydrogel formulations for improved seed coating performance.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
The crosslinking characteristics of hydrogels and polymeric films critically influence their swelling capacity, a key factor in wound care applications. This study optimized the swelling behavior of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-bromothymol blue (BTB) films using three hybrid metaheuristic algorithms: Hybrid Genetic-Hippopotamus Optimizer (HG-HO), Hybrid Genetic-Walrus Optimization Algorithm (HG-WOA), and Hybrid Genetic-Horned Lizard Optimization Algorithm (HG-HLOA). Among these, HG-HLOA achieved the fastest convergence, while all algorithms reliably identified optimal solutions with comparable fitness values. The optimal glutaraldehyde concentration was determined as 4.9251 wt%, with a predicted maximum swelling ratio of 1217.7311%. Experimental validation yielded an average swelling ratio of 1225.7123%, differing by only 0.65% from the predicted value. An increasing trend in swelling ratio was observed with rising glutaraldehyde concentration up to the optimum point, followed by a decrease due to possible over-crosslinking and formation of acetal linkages. This trend was supported by structural analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis via Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed a significant relationship between glutaraldehyde concentration and swelling ratio, with a p-value of 2.1e
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