ArticleRMD open2025
Global, regional and national trends in the epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis from 1990 to 2021: an age-period-cohort effect analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in RMD open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Analysis of vaccine adverse events associated with rheumatoid arthritis: A pharmacovigilance study based on the VAERS database.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Integrated LC-Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology decipher the pharmacological basis of Eucommiae folium in treating rheumatoid arthritis.Molecular diversity · 2026Article
- Global population-level concurrence and directional associations between rheumatoid arthritis and depressive disorders: an SDI-stratified time-series analysis using GBD 2021.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- [Rheumatological care of older people : Annual report 2026 from the National Database of the regional Collaborative Arthritis Centers].Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie · 2026Article
- Rheumatoid arthritis burden in 129 low- and middle-income countries from 1990 to 2023.iScience · 2026Article
- Post-Marketing Safety Surveillance of Autoimmune Diseases Following Bivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in China.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Global burden and inequalities of rheumatoid arthritis in adults aged 15-49 years from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2050: a cross-sectional analysis from Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Assessing rheumatoid arthritis prevalence from 1990 to 2040: viewing global inequities through the lens of sociodemographic development.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Rheumatoid Arthritis Burden in Middle-Aged Adults (40-59 Years): Evidence from the Global Burden of Disease 2021.Balkan medical journal · 2026Article
- The "Tianyu" Formulation Alleviates Rheumatoid Arthritis by Modulating the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD-Mediated Pyroptosis Pathway.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Observational
- Parity, body mass index, smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.BMC rheumatology · 2026Article
- Current and projected trends in rheumatoid arthritis among postmenopausal women in the U.S.: a population-based analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, with projections to 2035.Immunologic research · 2026Article
- Article
- Astilbin: a novel therapeutic strategy for bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Advancing Arthritis Therapy: The Frontier of Targeted and Responsive Nanomedicine.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Epidemiological assessment of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021: analyses of age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Review
- Neutrophil extracellular traps in rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Global, regional, and national burdens of rheumatoid arthritis among people aged 60 years and older from 1990 to 2021: a trend analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) poses a significant global health challenge. This study examined trends in the incidence, prevalence and mortality of RA from 1990 to 2021 at global, regional and national levels, alongside age, period and cohort effects.
methodsAge-standardised rates (per 100 000 population) on RA incidence, prevalence and mortality were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021. An age-period-cohort model estimated the overall annual percentage change (net drift), annual percentage change within each age group (local drift), and age/period/cohort relative risks.
resultsGlobally, from 1990 to 2021, the age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) and the age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR) of RA increased; while age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) decreased. Low-middle sociodemographic index (SDI) region showed the most notable increases in incidence and prevalence, while high SDI region had the largest decline in RA mortality. The South-East Asia Region exhibited the most significant increases in incidence and prevalence, and the African Region had the greatest mortality decline. Ireland reported the highest ASIR and ASPR in 2021, while the Republic of Honduras had the highest ASMR. Age effects peaked at 65-69 years for incidence and 80-84 years for prevalence, with the mortality risk increased with age. Period effects indicated rising incidence and prevalence but declining mortality, while younger birth cohorts showed increasing risks of incidence and prevalence and decreasing mortality risk.
conclusionRA incidence and prevalence have risen globally, while mortality has declined. The regional, demographic and temporal variations underscore the need for targeted public health strategies to address the growing burden.
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