Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40220492›Full record

ArticleBiosensors & bioelectronics2025

Wireless, battery-free, remote photoactivation of caged-morphine for photopharmacological pain modulation without side effects.

Minsung Kim, Marc López-Cano, Kaiqing Zhang, Yue Wang, Xavier Gómez-Santacana, África Flores, Mingzheng Wu, Shupeng Li, Haohui Zhang, Yuanting Wei and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Biosensors & bioelectronics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Analytical solutions for light propagation of LED.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Minsung KimQuerrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Neurolux Inc., Northfield, IL, 60093, USA.
Marc López-CanoPharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Spain.
Kaiqing ZhangDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China.
Yue WangQuerrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
Xavier Gómez-SantacanaMCS - Medicinal Chemistry & Synthesis, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
África FloresPharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Spain.
Mingzheng WuQuerrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
Shupeng LiDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
Haohui ZhangDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
Yuanting WeiDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
Xiuyuan LiDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
Cameron H GoodQuerrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Neurolux Inc., Northfield, IL, 60093, USA; Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
Anthony R BanksQuerrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Neurolux Inc., Northfield, IL, 60093, USA; Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
Amadeu LlebariaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
Jordi HernandoDepartament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C/n, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain.
Sung-Hyuk SunwooDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, Republic of Korea.
Jianyu GuQuerrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
Yonggang HuangQuerrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA. Electronic address: y-huang@northwestern.edu.
Francisco CiruelaPharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Spain. Electronic address: fciruela@ub.edu.
John A RogersQuerrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. Electronic address: jrogers@northwestern.edu.

Funding

The Center for Label-free Imagingand Multiscale Biophotonics (CLIMB)P41EB031772 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN · PI Stephen A Boppart · 2022 to 2026
$7.6M
NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB031772
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Chronic pain severely impairs physical, psychological, and cognitive functions. While opioid-based therapies can be effective, they are limited by tolerance, dependence, and adverse side effects, highlighting the need for safer alternatives. Recent advances in photopharmacology allow precise modulation of pain-related neuronal circuits, offering improved control and effectiveness. For delivery of light, fully implantable, wireless, battery-free optical systems in miniaturized forms offer attractive options relative to alternatives that use conventional bulk hardware and fiber optic tethers. This work presents a technology of this type, based on microscale light-emitting diodes (μ-ILEDs) and near-field communication (NFC) protocols, and optimized to activate photocaged morphine (pc-Mor) in targeted regions of the spinal cord. The unique flexible, lightweight designs ensure stable, minimally invasive operation in small animal model behavioral studies, with efficient power consumption and minimized thermal load on fragile tissues. Experimental results demonstrate effective pain suppression and reduced opioid-related side effects in an animal model of pain, thereby establishing this platform as a promising solution for chronic pain management.

Indexed as

Analgesics, OpioidChronic PainMorphinePain ManagementAnimalsBiosensing TechniquesEquipment DesignHumansMiceRatsSpinal CordWireless TechnologyAnalgesics, OpioidMorphineBattery-free optical systemsCaged morphineImplantable wireless devicesOpioid side effect reductionPain modulationPhotopharmacology

Identifiers

PMID40220492
PMCPMC12767206

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.