ArticleMovement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society2025
Cholinergic System Changes in Dopa-Unresponsive Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease.
Article in Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Freezing of Gait Levodopa Response Pattern in Parkinson's Disease Provides Clues to Pathophysiology.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Review
- Neurotransmitter Systems Underlying Freezing of Gait (FOG) in Parkinson's Disease.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Review
- Is levodopa induced freezing of gait a paradox or an expected phenomenon?: a clinico-pathophysiological hypothesis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- What is new in Freezing of Gait?Journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Use of AR/VR for Treatment of Freezing of Gait (FoG) in Parkinson's Disease (PD).Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Coupling auditory cues and bilateral transauricular vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait: an open-label feasibility study.Journal of rehabilitation medicine · 2026Article
- Dissociating dopaminergic and nondopaminergic motor loads in Parkinson's disease: clinical correlates, non-motor interactions, and quality-of-life implications.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- A study on predicting malnutrition risk in Parkinson's disease patients using a nomogram model.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFreezing of gait (FoG) is a debilitating mobility disturbance that becomes increasingly resistant to dopaminergic pharmacotherapies with advancing Parkinson's disease (PD). The pathophysiology underlying the response of FoG to dopaminergic treatment is poorly understood. Prior vesicular acetylcholine transporter positron emission tomography (VAChT PET) imaging studies implicate the degeneration of cholinergic pathways, including bilateral striatal and limbic archicortex deficits, as significant contributors to FoG.
objectiveWe aim to investigate whether specific cholinergic system changes are associated with FoG responsiveness to levodopa treatment in PD patients.
methodsThirty six PD subjects (31M/5F) completed [
resultsSixteen subjects had l-dopa-unresponsive FoG. Whole brain voxel-based analyses of [
conclusionFoG unresponsive to levodopa is associated with bilateral cholinergic terminal reductions, mostly in extra-striatal regions involved in multisensory and cognitive integration of gait and postural control as well as spatial navigation. The lack of specific striatal involvement points to the disruption of widespread cerebral network functions underlying l-dopa-unresponsive FoG in PD and may explain the treatment-resistant nature of FoG to levodopa. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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