Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40218480›Full record

ReviewSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Electrical Diagnosis Techniques for Power Transformers: A Comprehensive Review of Methods, Instrumentation, and Research Challenges.

Peter Mwinisin, Alessandro Mingotti, Lorenzo Peretto, Roberto Tinarelli, Mattewos Tefferi

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Peter MwinisinDepartment of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy.ORCID 0009-0001-8238-3847
Alessandro MingottiDepartment of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1739-1277
Lorenzo PerettoDepartment of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
Roberto TinarelliDepartment of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-5377-2421
Mattewos TefferiG&W Electric Co., Bolingbrook, IL 60440, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9228-4017

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper serves as a comprehensive "starter pack" for electrical diagnostic methods for power transformers. It offers a thorough review of electrical diagnostic techniques, detailing the required instrumentation and highlighting key research directions. The methods discussed include frequency response analysis, partial discharge testing, dielectric dissipation factor (tan delta), direct current (DC) insulation resistance, polarization index, transformer turns ratio test, recovery voltage measurement, polarization-depolarization currents, frequency domain spectroscopy, breakdown voltage testing, and power factor and capacitance testing. Additionally, the paper brings attention to less-explored electrical diagnostic techniques from the past decade. For each method, the underlying principles, applications, necessary instrumentation, advantages, and limitations are carefully examined, alongside emerging trends in the field. A notable shift observed over the past decade is the growing emphasis on hybrid diagnostic approaches and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven data analytics for fault detection. This study serves as a structured reference for researchers-particularly those in the early stages of their careers-as well as industry professionals seeking to explore electrical diagnostic techniques for power transformer condition assessment. It also outlines promising research avenues, contributing to the ongoing evolution of transformer diagnostics.

Indexed as

artificial intelligencecondition monitoringdielectric response analysiselectrical diagnosticsfrequency response analysis (FRA)instrumentationpartial discharge measurementpower transformertan delta

Identifiers

PMID40218480
PMCPMC11990981

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.