Reconciling Safety and Safeguarding in Health and Social Care: Implications for Just Culture.

Facilitating a just response to staff involved in patient safety events is complex, with varying perceptions of safe behaviour and practice across settings. This viewpoint paper explores the challenges of developing a just culture, particularly in safeguarding situations involving peer-to-peer harm. It argues that established just culture principles, such as balancing staff and organisational accountability and using After Action Review (AAR) debriefs, need to be tailored to these contexts. In particular, organisational accountability is paramount in safeguarding situations, especially where individuals do not have the capacity to understand or intend their behaviours. Furthermore, AARs are inappropriate incident responses for serious aggression, violence, and abuse cases. To counter this, a consistent AAR practice can be valuable for preventative learning when applied to the service user care journey and comprehensive incident learning responses. The incorporation of social workers, service users, and families can help promote learning and the prevention of events. Finally, this paper emphasises the need for consistency in core safety principles across settings and the need to tailor just cultural principles to particular contexts. Future research on the role of AAR in diverse settings is recommended.