Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40216429›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2025

Protocol for the diabetes, distress and disparities (3D) study: an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design.

Caitlan DeVries, Alejandro Rodríguez-Putnam, Alana Ewen, Bella Flores, Pragya Choudhary, Emma Spring, Alyson Miller, Chuwen Zhong, Kara M Mannor, Rossella Messina and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Caitlan DeVriesCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Alejandro Rodríguez-PutnamCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7850-7843
Alana EwenDepartment of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4078-0972
Bella FloresCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Pragya ChoudharyCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Emma SpringCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Alyson MillerCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Chuwen ZhongCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Kara M MannorCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Rossella MessinaDepartment of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Briana MezukCenter for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA bmezuk@umich.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1798-2285

Funding

Regional Pilot And Feasibility Study Grants ProgramP30DK020572 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI DAVID P OLSON · 2013 to 2026
$24.3M
NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK020572
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionPsychosocial factors impact diabetes outcomes, yet healthcare systems remain inadequately equipped to address these needs. Research centring on the experiences of people with diabetes (PWD) can inform programme implementation, policies and partnerships to address psychosocial care needs. The goals of the diabetes, distress and disparities (3D) study are to quantify the psychosocial care needs of PWD in a large academic medical centre, generate insights regarding how psychosocial factors shape diabetes outcomes and identify modifiable determinants of psychosocial care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The 3D study is recruiting adults with type 1 (T1D), type 2 (T2D), latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and gestational diabetes (GD) from the Caswell Diabetes Registry at Michigan Medicine. The 3D study uses an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design with two phases. Phase I (P1: target n=500, began July 2023) consists of an online survey to quantify prevalence and examine correlates of a wide range of psychosocial factors (eg, diabetes-related distress, depression, stigma). This survey was refined through consultation with PWD. Phase II (P2) involves semi-structured telephone interviews with n=40 P1 respondents, recruited using maximum variation sampling informed by demographic characteristics and responses to psychosocial survey measures. P2 will explore a subset of factors (eg, patient-provider communication, social support, barriers/promoters to care). To date, n=573 (5% response rate) have completed P1. In March 2024, we identified a target sample of P1 respondents (n=65) for recruitment into P2. All data collection was completed by September 2024. Analysis will involve quantitative linear and logistic regression to understand correlates of psychosocial outcomes from P1, and qualitative content analysis to clarify potential points of intervention from P2. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study is approved by the University of Michigan Institutional Review Board (HUM00223735). Protocol materials are available at https://osf.io/yfz6b/. Findings from this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, presentations at conferences and outreach to key stakeholders, including creating educational materials for patient advocacy groups and interprofessional practice.

Indexed as

Diabetes MellitusHealthcare DisparitiesPsychological DistressPsychosocial InterventionDepressionFemaleHealth Services Needs and DemandHumansInterviews as TopicMaleMichiganPatient Education as TopicPregnancyQualitative ResearchResearch DesignSocial Determinants of Healthcross-sectional studiesepidemiologygeneral diabetesmental healthpublic health

Identifiers

PMID40216429
PMCPMC11987096

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.