ArticleScience advances2025
Generation of an inflammatory niche in a hydrogel depot through recruitment of key immune cells improves efficacy of mRNA vaccines.
Article in Science advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metal-organic framework nanovaccines for systemic tumour regression.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composites for Precision Medicine.Cell biomaterials · 2026Article
- In Vivo CAR-Based Immune Cell Engineering: Future Applications and Challenges in Malignant Glioma.Cancers · 2026Review
- Optimizing In Vivo CAR T-cell Engineering for Cancer Immunotherapy.Cancer research · 2026Review
- Preventing peritendinous adhesions using lubricious supramolecular hydrogels.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporally controlled restoration of GAS6 signaling via mRNA therapy promotes scarless healing in preclinical models.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Enabling global access to potent subunit vaccines with a simple and scalable injectable hydrogel platform.Biomaterials science · 2026Article
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: a prospective outlook from technological innovation to clinical practice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- TLR7/8 agonist 3M-052 formulated in micelles induces local type I IFN response and antiviral immunity in zebrafish larvae.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- mRNA cancer vaccines: delivery strategies, immune modulation, and clinical translation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Proteomic Analysis of Influenza.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- A dual-functional in situ hydrogel for delivering vitamin E-based lipid nanoparticles to enhance cancer immunotherapy.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Delivery Systems of mRNA Vaccines in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases: From Lipid Nanoparticles to Next-Generation Platforms.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2025Review
- Recent Developments in Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Hybrid Materials for Controlled Release.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Unlock the sustained therapeutic efficacy of mRNA.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025Review
- Fusion of Complement Fragment C3d Enhances Germinal Center Responses to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Hydrogels in Veterinary Vaccine Development: Types, Mechanisms, and Applications.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Polymer oxidation: A strategy for the controlled degradation of injectable cryogels.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Sustained exposure to multivalent antigen-decorated nanoparticles generates broad anti-coronavirus responses.Matter · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) delivered in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) rose to the forefront of vaccine candidates during the COVID-19 pandemic due to scalability, adaptability, and potency. Yet, there remain critical areas for improvements of these vaccines in durability and breadth of humoral responses. In this work, we explore a modular strategy to target mRNA/LNPs to antigen-presenting cells with an injectable polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel technology, which recruits key immune cells and forms an immunological niche in vivo. We characterize this niche on a single-cell level and find it is highly tunable through incorporation of adjuvants like MPLAs and 3M-052. Delivering commercially available severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 mRNA vaccines in PNP hydrogels improves the durability and quality of germinal center reactions, and the magnitude, breadth, and durability of humoral responses. The tunable immune niche formed within PNP hydrogels effectively skews immune responses based on encapsulated adjuvants, creating opportunities to precisely modulate mRNA/LNP vaccines for various indications from infectious diseases to cancers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.