Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40214761›Full record

ArticleAnalytical and bioanalytical chemistry2025

Novel chlorinated phospholipids-possible biomarkers of chlorine gas exposure.

Noora-Kaisa Rantanen, Nurhazlina Hamzah, Matti A Kjellberg, Solja Säde, Paula Vanninen, Hanna Hakulinen

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

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0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Noora-Kaisa RantanenFinnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Nurhazlina HamzahToxicology Division, Forensic Science Analysis Centre, Department of Chemistry Malaysia, 46661, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
Matti A KjellbergFinnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. matti.kjellberg@helsinki.fi.
Solja SädeFinnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Paula VanninenDepartment of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Hanna HakulinenFinnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (VERIFIN), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Biomarkers are needed to verify suspected exposure to chlorine gas in chemical attacks. Here, we aimed to expand upon the array of known biomarkers of chlorine gas exposure. 1-Palmitoyl- 2-oleoyl-sn-glycero- 3-phosphocholine (POPC), a phospholipid belonging to the phosphatidylcholine (PC) class, was chosen as the study material. The lipids were chlorinated using chlorine gas, followed by analysis for chlorinated PCs using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), using unit- (MS, MS/MS) and high-resolution (HRMS, MS/HRMS). By interpreting accurate masses, isotopic patterns, and fragmentation patterns, PC chlorohydrin, PC dichloride, the chlorinated PC with m/z 794.54611 (here denoted as PC A) and 10 novel chlorinated PCs were identified: four PCs chlorinated at the glycerol backbone and six chlorinated peroxy-diphospholipids. Similar experiments with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE) resulted in the formation of the corresponding chlorohydrin and dichloride, as well as five chlorinated phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) with chlorine in the glycerol backbone. Surprisingly, no chlorinated forms of 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PSPC) were observed in similar experiments. In total, 15 novel chlorinated lipids were found. Furthermore, to determine the relevance of the novel lipids as biomarkers, a pig lung tissue sample was chlorinated in vitro. Two monomeric chlorinated PCs and two chlorinated peroxy-diphospholipids were identified from the chlorine-exposed lung sample, showing that the novel lipid compounds are potential biomarkers for chlorine gas exposure.

Indexed as

ChlorinePhospholipidsAnimalsBiomarkersChromatography, LiquidGasesHalogenationPhosphatidylcholinesTandem Mass Spectrometry1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholineBiomarkersChlorineGasesPhosphatidylcholinesPhospholipidsChemical weaponsChlorinated phospholipidsChlorine gasLiquid chromatographyMass spectrometryPeroxy-diphospholipids

Identifiers

PMID40214761
PMCPMC12122651

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.