ArticleInternational journal of cancer2025
Human sporadic breast carcinoma histotypes driven by the Human Betaretrovirus homologous to Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus.
Article in International journal of cancer, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Human betaretrovirus (HBRV), homologous to mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), and human breast cancer: a significant epidemiological association.Retrovirology · 2026Pooled it
- Viral zoonosis and human cancer: further perspectives and considerations.Infectious agents and cancer · 2026Article
- Human sporadic breast carcinoma histotypes driven by the Human Betaretrovirus homologous to Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus.International journal of cancer · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The viral hypothesis for human sporadic breast carcinoma is based on the murine model of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV)-induced mammary tumors. Known risk factors like estrogens, obesity, and alcohol do not play a direct causal role. The Human Betaretrovirus (HBRV), also called Human Mammary Tumor Virus (HMTV), is the human homolog of MMTV, implicated in sporadic breast carcinoma (80% of ductal carcinoma in situ and 40% of invasive tumors). In contrast, hereditary breast carcinomas lack viral sequences. Murine mammary tumor histotypes are determined by specific viral strains activating definite molecular pathways via insertional mutagenesis. Similarly, the diverse histotypes observed in human invasive breast carcinoma may be influenced by a viral etiology. A study of 253 invasive breast carcinoma cases, representing 15 histotypes, detected HBRV/MMTV-ENV sequences in 20%, consistent with international literature. All histotypes tested positive except those linked to hereditary syndromes, such as medullary, apocrine, and metaplastic carcinoma. This distinction reinforces the reported lack of association between HBRV/HMTV and hereditary breast cancer, while supporting a viral etiology for sporadic carcinoma. Relevant characteristics of sporadic histotypes align with the "hit and run" hypothesis of viral carcinogenesis. Histotype differences may result from molecular pathways activated by Int genes, though mechanism beyond insertional mutagenesis and the possibility of specific HBRV strains cannot be ruled out. The potential for detected viral sequences to originate in human tumors from endogenous MMTV or contamination with murine material is critically examined.
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