Glycosylation of oral bacteria in modulating adhesion and biofilm formation.

Background: Glycosylation is a ubiquitous biochemical process that covalently attaches glycans to proteins or lipids, which plays a pivotal role in modulating the structure and function of these biomolecules.  This post-translational modification is prevalent in living organisms and intricately regulates various biological processes, including signaling transduction, recognition, and immune responses.  In the oral environment, bacteria ingeniously use glycosylation to enhance their adhesion to oral surfaces, which is a key step in biofilm formation and subsequent development.  This adhesion process is intimately associated with the onset and progression of oral diseases, including dental caries and periodontal disease. Objective: This review aims to describe the types and mechanisms of glycosylation in oral bacteria, and to understand the role of glycosylation in the adhesion, biofilm formation and virulence of oral bacteria. Methods: We reviewed articles on glycosylation in a variety of oral bacteria. Conclusion: In cariogenic bacteria and periodontopathic pathogens, glycosylation facilitates adhesion and subsequent biofilm maturation on tooth surface.   Distinct glycosylation patterns in oral bacteria shape biofilm structure and function, influencing microbial interactions and community stability.   Pathogen-specific glycosylation signatures enhance virulence and ecological competitiveness, contributing to disease progression. Glycosylation plays a critical role in bacterial virulence and community  interactions, with significant implications for oral health and disease development.