ArticleInternational journal of public health2025
Inequities in Household Out-Of-Pocket Spending Among Urban Slum Dwellers in Southeast Nigeria.
Article in International journal of public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Exploring the roles of informal healthcare providers in urban settings to improve access and quality of care for the urban poor: experience from Bangladesh, Ghana, Nepal, and Nigeria.Health policy and planning · 2026Article
- Estimating the catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditure risk among malnourished under-five children in Uganda: secondary analysis of national panel data.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Objectives: This study examines the economic burden and inequities in out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPEs) to access healthcare in urban slums in Nigeria. Methods: The cross-sectional study was undertaken in eight urban slums in Enugu and Anambra, Nigeria. Participants (n = 1,025) responded to questions on health expenditures and access to healthcare. Gamma regression was used to estimate the mean differences in OOPE. Financing incidence analysis was used to estimate inequities in OOPE. Results: Enugu residents and individuals with formal occupations incurred lower costs than the residents in Anambra and those employed in informal occupations. Households in the middle wealth quintile incurred higher costs than those in the poorest quintile. Gini, concentration, and Kakwani indices indicated a progressive financing system, with the richest contributing proportionately more than their share of ability to pay (ATP). Poorest households used informal healthcare more. Conclusion: Although payment for healthcare in urban slums is progressive, the poorest households may be at risk of poor health outcomes due to reliance on informal healthcare providers. Our findings highlight the role ATP may play in healthcare denial among the urban poor.
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