Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40211599›Full record

ArticleAutism : the international journal of research and practice2025

Caregiver behavioral changes mediate the effects of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions: Combining evidence from three randomized controlled trials.

Deanna Swain, Ji Eun Han, Hallie Brown, Catherine Lord, Sally Rogers, Annette Estes, Connie Kasari, Andrew Pickles, So Hyun Kim

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Autism : the international journal of research and practice, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Systematic review of measures and interventions for caregiver adjustment to child autism diagnosis.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Deanna SwainSchool of Medicine, University of Colorado, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1527-2944
Ji Eun HanKorea University, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0009-0008-4673-7274
Hallie BrownCenter for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medicine, USA.
Catherine LordUniversity of California, Los Angeles, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5633-1253
Sally RogersDavis Medical Center, University of California, Davis, USA.
Annette EstesUniversity of Washington, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2687-4155
Connie KasariUniversity of California, Los Angeles, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2266-170X
Andrew PicklesKing's College London, UK.
So Hyun KimKorea University, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-4269-0866

Funding

A Multi-Site Randomized Study of Intensive Treatment for Toddlers with AutismR01MH081757 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI ROGERS, SALLY J · 2007 to 2011
$14.8M
Unpacking treatment mechanisms: Combining evidence from three early intervention models for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)R01MH114925 · NIMH · WEILL MEDICAL COLL OF CORNELL UNIV · PI KIM, SO HYUN · 2018 to 2020
$1.3M
NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH081757NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH114925
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions target developmentally appropriate skills in young children with autism spectrum disorders using behavioral techniques in naturalistic interactions. Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions demonstrate strong empirical support and frequently utilize caregiver training of intervention strategies. However, our understanding of the mechanisms of change linked to naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions remains limited. Based on retrospective, secondary data analyses from three previously conducted randomized controlled trials of caregiver-mediated naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions, this study examined the direct effect of intervention on caregiver naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention strategy use and how caregiver changes mediate intervention effects on children's social communication. A total of 419 videos from 229 dyads consisting of autistic children (

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderBehavior TherapyCaregiversChild, PreschoolCommunicationFemaleHumansInfantMaleRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicRetrospective Studiesautismnaturalistic developmental behavioral interventionstreatment mechanisms

Identifiers

PMID40211599
PMCPMC12396607

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.