ArticleBMC psychiatry2025
Socioeconomic differences in adolescent health behaviors and their effect on inequalities in adult depressed mood: findings from a 27-year longitudinal study.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Individual Socioeconomic Measures and Change in HoNOS Scores among Persons Attending Adult Community Mental Health Services.Community mental health journal · 2026Article
- Physical exercise and adolescent mental toughness: mediating effects of family support and socioeconomic status.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundHealth behaviors have been posited to partly explain the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health (i.e., the behavioral explanation of health inequalities), yet few studies have examined whether health behaviors serve as pathways from adolescent SES to adult depressive symptoms. This study aimed to explore the effects of adolescent health behaviors on adult depressed mood using the adolescent pathway model (APM).
methodsOur sample consisted of n = 1109 Norwegians [45.5% female], who were surveyed from ages 13 to 40 across ten time points. Using linear regression analyses, we examined (1) the association between parental SES [household income and parental education] and adolescent health behaviors [breakfast regularity, leisure time physical activity (LTPA), difficulties falling asleep, alcohol consumption, and smoking], and (2) the associations between adolescent health behaviors and adult depressed mood, and whether these were moderated by indicators of parental SES. We also assessed how health behaviors are associated with social inequality in adult depressed mood. In this context, social inequality was defined as the covariance between adult SES (i.e., income and education) and adult depressed mood.
resultsHigher household income predicted higher levels of LTPA, and higher parental education predicted greater breakfast regularity. None of the health behaviors were associated with adult depressed mood, nor did they show moderation by SES. Adolescent health behaviors did not independently account for social inequality in adult depressed mood.
conclusionsThe study suggests minimal socioeconomic differences in adolescent health behaviors, which do not significantly account for social inequalities in adult depressed mood. This offers limited support for the behavioral explanation of health inequalities within the framework of the APM. However, adolescent depressed mood emerges as the strongest predictor of adult depressed mood, highlighting its importance as a key focus for early intervention efforts.
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