ArticleDrug testing and analysis2025
Optimization of Parallel Artificial Liquid Membrane Extraction for the Determination of Over 50 Psychoactive Substances in Oral Fluid Through UHPLC-MS/MS.
Article in Drug testing and analysis, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- A Comprehensive HPLC-HRMS/MS Targeted Screening Method to Detect 90 New Psychoactive Substances in Oral Fluid Samples.Biology · 2026Article
- Optimization of Parallel Artificial Liquid Membrane Extraction for the Determination of Over 50 Psychoactive Substances in Oral Fluid Through UHPLC-MS/MS.Drug testing and analysis · 2025Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a diversification of the psychoactive substances available among drug users, resulting in the expansion of a dynamic market of synthetic molecules that are challenging for drug of abuse testing. Multiclass analytical methods are useful to deal with these new psychoactive substances (NPS), but sample preparation can be difficult and generate significant amounts of chemical waste. The aim of this work was the development of a high-throughput microextraction method for the determination of 56 drugs belonging to different pharmacological classes in oral fluid (OF), including both traditional drugs and NPS. In the proposed workflow, the OF sample is cleaned-up by parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Two hundred microliters of OF are mixed with 1800 μL of carbonate buffer 0.5 M (pH 12) and 0.4 g of sodium chloride and inserted into a donor plate; the acceptor plate embed a dodecylacetate-supported liquid membrane and an acceptor solution composed of 50 μL formic acid 0.1% in H2O: MeOH, 80:20 (v/v); the whole assemblage is placed on an orbital shaker for 120 min for extraction. A full factorial design has been employed for extraction optimization to make it suitable for LC-MS/MS. The developed method is an example of green chemistry and may be used for screening and quantitative purposes, with limits of detection ranging from 0.01 to 1.5 ng mL
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