Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40210704›Full record

SynthesisNature human behaviour2025

The health effects associated with physical, sexual and psychological gender-based violence against men and women: a Burden of Proof study.

Caroline Stein, Luisa S Flor, Gabriela F Gil, Mariam Khalil, Molly Herbert, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Alejandra Arrieta, María Jose Baeza de Robba, Flavia Bustreo, Jack Cagney and 31 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Nature human behaviour, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07132905 (Randomized Pilot Trial of Church-Based Problem-Solving Therapy for Adolescent Girls and Young Women With a History of Gender-Based Violence in Zambia), which is not on this map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07132905 naactive not recruitingnot on this map

Randomized Pilot Trial of Church-Based Problem-Solving Therapy for Adolescent Girls and Young Women With a History of Gender-Based Violence in Zambia

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of California, San FranciscoRan2025 to 2026Enrolled180ConditionsHIV, Common Mental Health Problems, PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression DisorderArmsMpata Yathu ("Our Space")
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

41 authors.

Caroline SteinInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4777-1630
Luisa S FlorInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Gabriela F GilInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Mariam KhalilInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Molly HerbertInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Aleksandr Y AravkinInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Alejandra ArrietaInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-3032-4566
María Jose Baeza de RobbaSchool of Nursing, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Flavia BustreoFondation Botnar, Basel, Switzerland.
Jack CagneyInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4191-8702
Renzo J C Calderon-AnyosaMcGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Sinclair CarrInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0421-3145
Jaidev Kaur ChandanWarwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
Joht Singh ChandanInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9561-5141
Carolina V N CollDepartment of Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
Fabiana Martins Dias de AndradeFederal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Gisele N de AndradeFederal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0433-8351
Alexandra N DebureSchool of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0005-3125-2248
Erin DeGrawInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Ben HammondInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9928-6843
Simon I HayInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-7272
Felicia M KnaulInstitute for the Advanced Study of the Americas, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
Rachel Q H LimInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Susan A McLaughlinInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Nicholas MethenyNell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Sonica MinhasInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9271-8623
Jasleen K MohrInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Erin C MullanyInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Christopher J L MurrayInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4930-9450
Erin M O'ConnellInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Vedavati PatwardhanCenter on Gender Equity and Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
Sofia ReinachVital Strategies, New York, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-8243
Dalton ScottSchool of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2312-4463
Cory N SpencerInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Reed J D SorensenInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Heidi StöcklInstitute of Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0907-8483
Aisha TwalibuInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Aiganym ValikhanovaInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Nádia VasconcelosInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Peng ZhengInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Emmanuela GakidouInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. gakidou@uw.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-591X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The health impacts of exposure to physical, sexual or psychological gender-based violence (GBV) against men and women are substantial yet not well delineated. We systematically reviewed and meta-analysed 40 studies to evaluate the associations between GBV (including but not limited to intimate partner violence) and eight health outcomes: sexually transmitted infections excluding HIV, maternal abortion and miscarriage, HIV/AIDS, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, drug use disorders, alcohol use disorders and self-harm. Using the Burden of Proof methods, we generated conservative metrics of association-including star ratings from one to five-reflecting both effect size and evidence strength. Sexual violence was associated with six outcomes, with moderate, three-star evidence of association for sexually transmitted infections, maternal abortion and miscarriage, and major depressive disorder-increasing the risk by at least 104%, 101% and 50%, respectively. Seven outcomes were associated with physical GBV with two- or one-star associations, reflecting weak associations and/or inconsistent evidence. Of the four health outcomes analysed in relation to psychological GBV, one, major depressive disorder, had a significant association with a one-star rating. These findings emphasize the serious health consequences of GBV for survivors and the necessity of additional data to further our understanding of this complex public health issue.

Indexed as

Gender-Based ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceSex OffensesSexually Transmitted DiseasesFemaleHumansMajor Depressive DisorderMale

Identifiers

PMID40210704
PMCPMC12185316

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.