ArticleGenes & genomics2025
Perillic acid disrupts the specification of germ layers by upregulating the FGF/MAPK pathway.
Article in Genes & genomics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- FGFR1 signaling in rheumatoid arthritis: Mechanisms of bone destruction and therapeutic targeting (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- BMP/Ventx1.1 axis modulates the multiciliogenesis in the early Xenopus epidermis.Genes & genomics · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundXenopus embryo is an ideal model for teratogenesis assays to assess the effects of any compounds on the cellular processes crucial for early development and adult tissue homeostasis.
objectiveIn our screening of a chemical library with frog embryo to identify novel compounds that exert specific effects on key cellular signaling pathways, perillic acid (PA) was found to disrupt germ layer specification in early development. Thus, the mechanism underlying this effect was investigated.
methodsEmbryos were exposed to PA during a specific period of early development to observe stage-specific morphological alterations induced by this compound. Whole-mount in situ hybridization was performed to examine its effects on ectodermal and mesodermal differentiation and the anterior-posterior patterning of neural tissue. Western blotting analysis was employed to identify the signaling pathways through which PA influences germ layer formation in Xenopus development.
resultsPA-treated embryos exhibited the shortening of the anterior-posterior body axis, truncation of craniofacial structures and malformation of neural crest (NC). These severe morphological defects occurred when embryos became exposed to PA during the gastrula stages. Consistent with these phenotypes, treatment with PA caused significant expansion of neural tissue concomitant with a reduction of epidermal and NC cell fates. Furthermore, PA induced the caudalization of neural fate and expressions of paraxial mesodermal genes, recapitulating the activity of the FGF/MAPK signals in germ layer specification. In line with this, ERK activation could be induced by PA treatment, which was mediated by the FGFR1 pathway.
conclusionPA affects the anterior-posterior neural patterning and mesodermal specification by activating the FGF/MAPK signaling pathway.
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