Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40208454›Full record

Observational studyJournal of epidemiology and global health2025

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients with Dyspeptic and Reflux Symptoms: An Endoscopy-Based Prospective Study from Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.

Abdulaziz M Alrezuk, Mona H Ismail, Raed M Alsulaiman, Turki A Alamri, Ibrahim A Alhafid, Ibrahim M Alzahrani, Abdullah D Alotaibi, Shaya Y Alqahtani, Adel H Alam, Jaber M Alelyani and 8 more

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Journal of epidemiology and global health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Formulation and optimization of gastroretentive tablets containing famotidine in combination with antacids: In vitro evaluations and stability studies.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Abdulaziz M AlrezukDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Mona H IsmailDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Raed M AlsulaimanDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Turki A AlamriDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Ibrahim A AlhafidDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Ibrahim M AlzahraniDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Abdullah D AlotaibiDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Shaya Y AlqahtaniIntensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Adel H AlamDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
Jaber M AlelyaniDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Zahrah Hassan AljidhrDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Ansaf K ShaikhVice Presidency for Scientific Research and Innovation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Anas Abdul SalamVice Presidency for Scientific Research and Innovation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Ahmad A Al-QuorainCollege of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Joud R AlsulaimanCollege of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Aisha Mohammed Al BarqiDepartment of Nursing, Endoscopy Unit, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Ghada Hussain MaghrabiDepartment of Nursing, Endoscopy Unit, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulaziz A Al-QuorainDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia. aquorain@iau.edu.sa.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Saudi Arabia has only been reported using questionnaires, which have low sensitivity and specificity compared with endoscopy. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of GERD among dyspeptic adult patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND

methodsIn this prospective observational study, we included all adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) with persistent dyspeptic and reflux symptoms who were scheduled for upper GI endoscopy at a tertiary academic hospital in Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, between August 2019 and August 2023. GERD was defined according to the Los Angeles Classification (Grades A-D), while non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) was defined according to the Montreal International Consensus.

resultsWe included 303 patients in the study (mean age: 44.1 years; female: 57.8%). Endoscopic findings revealed hiatal hernia (51.9%) and esophagitis (31.4%) as the most common esophageal abnormalities, while gastritis (83.5%) and duodenitis (73.7%) were the most common findings in the stomach and duodenum, respectively. The prevalence of GERD was 20.1%, while NERD was the most frequent diagnosis (28.1%). The prevalence of GERD was significantly higher in males (P < 0.001) and among patients with regurgitation (P = 0.033), abnormal esophageal findings (P < 0.001), esophagitis or incompetent cardia (P < 0.001), and gastric ulcers (P = 0.041). Independent predictors of GERD were male gender (OR: 2.77; 95% CI: 1.53-5.01; P = 0.001) and the presence of "other" comorbidities (OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.11-5.83; P = 0.027).

conclusionThis prospective study found that about one-fifth of the patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy for dyspeptic and reflux symptoms at a tertiary hospital in Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, had GERD, and more than one-fourth had NERD.

Indexed as

DyspepsiaGastroesophageal RefluxAdultAgedEndoscopy, GastrointestinalFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceProspective StudiesRisk FactorsSaudi ArabiaDyspepsiaEndoscopyGastroesophageal reflux diseaseNon-erosive reflux diseasePrevalenceRisk factorsSaudi Arabia

Identifiers

PMID40208454
PMCPMC11985737

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.