ArticlePrehospital and disaster medicine2025
Factors Influencing Patient Presentation and Transfer to Hospital Rates During Mass-Gathering Stadium Events: A Scoping Review.
Article in Prehospital and disaster medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrating emergency medical services and hospital surge capacity for mass-gathering preparedness: a structured narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- On-site medical interventions for spectators at venues during major international sporting tournaments: a prospective comparative study of four single-sport and multi-sport tournaments.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionMass-gathering events (MGEs) such as sporting competitions and music festivals that take place in stadiums and arenas pose challenges to health care delivery that can differ from other types of MGEs. This scoping review aimed to describe factors that influence patient presentations to in-event health services, ambulance services, and emergency departments (EDs) from stadium and arena MGEs.
methodThis scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist and blended both Arksey and O'Malley methodology and the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI's) approach. Four databases (CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus) were searched using keywords and terms about "mass gatherings," "stadium" or "arena," and "in-event health services." In this review, the population pertains to the spectators who seek in-event health services, the concept was MGEs, and the context was stadiums and/or arenas.
resultsTwenty-two articles were included in the review, most of which focused on sporting events (n = 18; 81.8%) and music concerts (n = 3; 13.6%). The reported patient presentation rate (PPR) ranged between one and 24 per 10,000 spectators; the median PPR was 3.8 per 10,000. The transfer to hospital rate (TTHR) varied from zero to four per 10,000 spectators, and the median TTHR was 0.35 per 10,000. Key factors reported for PPR and TTHR include event, venue, and health support characteristics.
conclusionsThere is a complexity of health care delivery amid MGEs, stressing the need for uniform measurement and continued research to enhance predictive accuracy and advance health care services in these contexts. This review extends the current MGE domains (biomedical, psychosocial, and environmental) to encompass specific stadium/arena event characteristics that may have an impact on PPR and TTHR.
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Registered trials
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