ReviewJournal of diabetes and metabolic disorders2025
Exploring the bidirectional association between thyrotropin and thyroid hormones in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Review in Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Thyroid function post-bariatric surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity surgery · 2025Pooled it
- Thyroid Hormones and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review of Findings From 18 Years of Follow-up in the Tehran Thyroid Study.International journal of endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- Association between goiter and type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population: a cross-sectional study using CHNS data.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Association between central thyroid hormone sensitivity and prediabetes: Tehran thyroid study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and thyroid dysfunction are some of the most prevalent endocrine disorders globally. Previous studies on the association and effect of thyroid hormones in patients with diabetes have yielded contradictory results. Therefore, this meta-analysis comprehensively examined the latest evidence regarding the bilateral association between thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in T2DM. Methods: A thorough search across multiple databases was conducted to investigate the bidirectional relationship between thyroid hormones and T2DM. Two researchers independently performed data extraction and study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, with prevalence, odds ratios, and hazard ratios calculated using a random-effects model. Results: After screening 4159 studies, 36 were deemed eligible based on the inclusion criteria. A one-unit increase in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level was associated with a 2.49-fold increased odds of T2DM (OR: 2.49, 95%CI: 1.97-3.0). Similarly, a one-unit increase in Triiodothyronine (FT3) levels was associated with a 17% (HR:1.17,95%CI: 1.07-1.26) increased risk of T2DM. The pooled risk estimates of T2DM were 3.63 (95%CI: 1.63-8.09) for hypothyroidism, and 16.33 (95%CI: 7.59-35.12) for overt hypothyroidism. Individuals with thyroid dysfunction exhibited significantly higher HbA1c levels (Hedges'g: - 0.26, 95% CI: - 0.47 to - 0.06) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (Hedges'g: - 0.33, 95% CI: - 0.61 to - 0.05) compared to those with normal thyroid function. Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction, including both overt and subclinical hypo- and hyperthyroidism, significantly increases the risk of T2DM. Elevated TSH and FT3 levels are linked to higher diabetes risk, highlighting the need for regular thyroid screening and integrated clinical management. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-025-01612-w.
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