ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2025
Enhanced immunomodulatory effects of canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in 3D culture.
Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Advances in enhanced mesenchymal stem cell technologies: innovations and therapeutic applications.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Generation of Bioactive Stem Cell-Derived Secretome in 3D Bioreactor System: Towards Cell-Free Therapy in Veterinary Medicine.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Can spheroid formation enhance mesenchymal stem cell homing in veterinary medicine? Insights and evidence gaps.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been introduced as a treatment for dogs owing to their immunomodulatory effects. In humans, 3D-cultured MSCs have recently been applied in treating various conditions, including myocardial infarction, liver disease, and kidney disease. This study aimed to evaluate whether the immunomodulatory effects of canine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cAT-MSCs) are enhanced when cultured in a 3D environment compared to conventional 2D culture. Methods: cAT-MSC spheroids were generated using ultra-low-adhesion plates. The structural and hypoxic characteristics of these spheroids were assessed via confocal imaging. The expression levels of the stemness markers SOX2 and OCT4 were examined through western blotting. Additionally, the expression of inflammatory factors within the cAT-MSC spheroids was analyzed using RT-PCR and ELISA. The immunomodulatory effects were further evaluated in canine macrophages (DH82) treated with conditioned media (CM) from cAT-MSC spheroids, using RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Results: 3D culture induced hypoxic conditions within the cAT-MSC spheroids and significantly increased the expression of SOX2 and OCT4 ( Conclusion: This study confirms that the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs are enhanced in 3D culture. Therefore, 3D cultured MSCs may offer a more effective therapeutic approach than conventional 2D-cultured MSCs for treating canine inflammatory diseases.
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Registered trials
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