ArticleDrugs (Abingdon, England)2025
A systematic review of macro-, meso, and micro-level harm reduction interventions addressing the U.S. opioid overdose epidemic.
Article in Drugs (Abingdon, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Efficacy and Harms of Opioid Analgesics for Acute Pain: Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses.Drugs · 2026Pooled it
- Fentanyl purity and overdose decline: A reexamination of geographic trends.Science advances · 2026Article
- Fentanyl Purity and Overdose Decline: A Reexamination of Geographic Trends.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Applying the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to understand college health administrator perceptions on adopting and implementing opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution (OEND) programs among universities nationally.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: This systematic review aimed to 1) identify the range of opioid harm reduction interventions implemented at macro-, meso-, and micro-levels in the United States, and 2) summarize the outcomes of these interventions. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of academic literature published between 2011-2023 following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were excluded if they reported on research that was not specific to opioids, did not report the effects of an intervention, or focused on a medical treatment for opioid use disorder. Two coders independently extracted data and reconciled discrepancies prior to narrative synthesis. Results: Of 6,198 articles initially identified, 36 met inclusion criteria across macro ( Discussion: Most harm reduction interventions demonstrate moderate to strong evidence of effectiveness for addressing the opioid overdose epidemic across domains. Findings revealed a lack of multi-level interventions and a lack of culturally relevant interventions that prioritize Black and Brown communities disproportionately impacted during the opioid overdose epidemic's latter phases.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.