ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Urinary metal levels and their association with Parkinson's disease risk: insights from NHANES 2013-2020.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cumulative and Interactive Effects of Heavy Metal Mixtures Across Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Comparative Review of Alzheimer, Parkinson, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
- Bridging global diversity gaps in Parkinson disease research.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Aflatoxin B1 modulates mixture-induced neurotoxicity under multi-contaminant exposure: insights from combination modeling in SH-SY5Y cells.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Neurotoxic mechanisms of cadmium in neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) poses a significant public health challenge worldwide, with both genetic predispositions and behavioral factors contributing to its onset and progression. While the precise mechanisms underlying PD remain uncertain, environmental influences are increasingly acknowledged as critical risk factors. This research focused on investigating the relationship between urinary metal levels and the likelihood of developing PD. Methods: Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), urinary levels of nine metals-barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), cesium (Cs), molybdenum (Mo), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl), and uranium (Tu)-were measured in a cohort of 3,148 US adults. To examine their association with Parkinson's disease (PD) risk, multivariate logistic regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and quantile regression were employed to evaluate both single and combined metal exposures. Additionally, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was utilized to explore the joint effects of these metals, allowing for the assessment of potential nonlinear and non-additive interactions (using the "BKMR" package). Smooth curve fitting was further applied to visualize the nonlinear relationships between urinary metal concentrations and PD risk. Results: In the single-exposure model, Mo, Tu and Cd were positively correlated with the risk of PD, with odds ratios (OR) ranging from 4.61 to 5.46 (all Conclusion: In conclusion, this cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data indicates that higher urinary concentrations of metals including Mo, Cd, and Tu are associated with increased odds of PD among US adults. Mixed exposures to several metals may jointly elevate PD risk in a dose-dependent manner.
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