ArticleBMC research notes2025
Psychometric evaluation of the problem areas in diabetes (PAID) scale among people with type 2 diabetes in Ethiopia: a tool validation study.
Article in BMC research notes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence and associated factors of diabetes-related distress among type 2 diabetic patients in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Mapping the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) and Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) to the EQ-5D-5L in diabetes care.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Determinants of Stress and Obstacles to Diabetes-Related Quality of Life in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Interaction-Mediation Analysis.Worldviews on evidence-based nursing · 2026Article
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Abstract
objectiveto assesses the psychometric properties of the Problem Area in Diabetes (PAID) scale for Ethiopian patients with type 2 diabetes.
resultsThe confirmatory factor analysis for the Ethiopian Problem Area in Diabetes (Eth-PAID) scales demonstrated good model fit to the one, two, three, and four factor structures. The one-factor model Eth-PAID-20 scale showed acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.82), but the "Diabetes distress" subscale of two, three, and four-factor structures partially satisfied the internal consistency (ranged α = 0.74-77). The Eth-PAID-20 scale correlated negatively with self-care efficacy (r = 0.131, P = 0.06) and positively with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) level (r = 0.02, P = 0.86), which implies poor convergent validity. Moreover, "lack of confidence," "food-related problem," and "support-related problem" subclasses of two, three, and four-factor models showed very weak convergent validity. Discriminative validity revealed that female patients (30.16 ± 13.11), t = - 2.73, p = 0.007, d = 0.4) and patients who lived alone (28.05 ± 12.98), t = 2.542, p = 0.021, d = 0.5) had significantly higher distress scores in Eth-PAID-20 as one factor model.
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