Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40205535›Full record

Observational studyBMC public health2025

Displacement-related stressors in a Sudanese war-affected community; identifying the impact of war exposure and ongoing stressors on trauma symptom severity: a national multi-center cross-sectional study.

Lina Hemmeda, Alaa S Ahmed, Gasm Alseed Abdelmonim Gasm Alseed Fadlalmoula, Doaa Rabeie Hassan, Mohammed Haydar Awad, Gotof Salim, Abeer Osman Mukhtar Elabid, Alaa Azhary Mohammed Ali, Asmaa O Algasim, Ethar Hamad and 11 more

Abstract readMulticenter StudyObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Observational
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Lina Hemmeda *Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan. lina.hemmeda@gmail.com.
Alaa S Ahmed *Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Gasm Alseed Abdelmonim Gasm Alseed Fadlalmoula *Faculty of Medicine, University of Shendi, Shendi, 11111, Sudan.
Doaa Rabeie HassanFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Mohammed Haydar AwadFaculty of Medicine, Karary University, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-8601-9550
Gotof SalimFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Abeer Osman Mukhtar ElabidFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Alaa Azhary Mohammed AliFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Asmaa O AlgasimFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Ethar HamadFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Fatima AfifFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Fatima MustafaFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Maha RhamttallahFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Mai Fathi Awadalla AlsedigFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Miada Ali Mohammed TahaFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Muram Ahmed Sayed KhaleelFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Nazik Abdalla NourinFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-3004-8059
Roaa Salah Eltaheir MohieldinFaculty of Medicine, University of Shendi, Shendi, 11111, Sudan.
Sara AliFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Shimaa SulimanFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.
Khabab Abbasher Hussien Mohamed AhmedFaculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, El Qasr Avenue, Khartoum, Khartoum State, 11111, Sudan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4608-5321

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThe ongoing armed conflict in Sudan that started April 2023 resulted in over 8 millions internally displaced persons (IDPs), in addition to the already previously displaced 3.8 millions. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most documented mental health problems among IDPs. Additionally, factors such as personal safety concerns and financial losses have been identified as potential stressors contributing to the development of PTSD. Our study aimed to understand the relationship between displacement-related stressors and trauma symptom severity.

methodsThis was an observational, multi-center cross-sectional study conducted across seven conflict-free states in Sudan. A pre-tested questionnaire assessing the displacement stressors and the Harvard trauma questionnaire (HTQ) were used to collect the data through face-to-face interviews. The data analysis was conducted using R software. A structural equation model was generated to visualize the comprehensive relationship between the study variables.

resultsMost of the participants (N = 1470) were females (81.4%), married (63.9%), employed (42.5%), Muslims (93.0%) and previously displaced (54.1%), with a mean age of (35.25 ± 13.92) years old. The prevalence of PTSD was (34.5%) and it was significantly associated with gender (P = 0.003), religion (P < 0.001), level of education (P = 0.031), and number of displacements (P = 0.005). Personal safety concerns, financial loss and hardship, and personal hardships were positively correlated with PTSD symptoms severity. War exposure losses were negatively correlated with the severity of PTSD symptoms.

conclusionThe strong association between PTSD symptoms and personal safety concerns, financial loss and hardship, and personal hardships emphasizes the urgent need for targeted mental health interventions that could mitigate the impact of PTSD in Sudanese communities.

Indexed as

RefugeesStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticStress, PsychologicalWar ExposureAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSeverity of Illness IndexSudanSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultDisplacement-related stressorsInternally displaced persons (IDPs)Post-conflictPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Sudan

Identifiers

PMID40205535
PMCPMC11980144

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.