Innovations in graphene-based electrochemical biosensors in healthcare applications.

The isolation of a single atomic layer of graphite, known as graphene, marked a fundamental moment that transformed the field of materials science. Graphene-based nanomaterials are recognized for their superior biocompatibility compared with many other types of nanomaterials. Moreover, one of the main reasons for the growing interest in graphene is its potential applications in emerging technologies. Its key characteristics, including high electrical conductivity, excellent intrinsic charge carrier mobility, optical transparency, substantial specific surface area, and remarkable mechanical flexibility, position it as an ideal candidate for applications in solar cells and touch screens. Its durability further establishes graphene as a strong contender for developing robust materials. To date, a variety of methods, such as traditional spectroscopic techniques and chromatographic approaches, have been developed for detecting biomolecules, drugs, and heavy metals. Electrochemical methods, known for their portability, selectivity, and impressive sensitivity, offer considerable convenience for both patients and professionals in point-of-care diagnostics. Recent advancements have significantly improved the capacity for rapid and accurate detection of analytes in trace amounts, providing substantial benefits in biosensor technology. Additionally, the integration of nanotechnology has markedly enhanced the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors, yielding significantly improved results. Innovations such as point-of-care, lab-on-a-chip, implantable devices, and wearable sensors are discussed in this review.