ArticleNature2025
Immune checkpoint TIM-3 regulates microglia and Alzheimer's disease.
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In one paragraph
Article in Nature, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers.
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0cells of the map it votes in
52citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed.
- Silencing of HAVCR2 Attenuates Skeletal Muscle Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Peptide-Functionalized Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Mitigates Amyloid-β Protein Induced Endothelial Leakiness and Enhances Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Neuroimmune interactions: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic targets.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Bone marrow myelopoiesis dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease limits monocyte homing to the brain and drives disease progression.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 orchestrates myeloid dysfunction across brain aging and disease.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Microglia and neuroinflammation: An in-depth analysis from functional diversity to disease mechanisms.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: From Homeostatic Guardians to Multifaceted Drivers of Neuropathology.Cells · 2026Review
- Reshaping the immune landscape: next-generation microglia-targeted therapies for Alzheimer's disease.Biological research · 2026Review
- Reconstituting central nervous system niche cues partially restores homeostatic-like features in cultured murine primary microglia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells ameliorate vascular dementia by modulating microglial myelin debris handling and white matter injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint LAG-3 governs stage-dependent and disease-associated microglial modules in ALS model mice.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Reprogramming Neuroinflammation: Mitochondrial Targets and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Spatially resolved transcriptomics identifies intercellular signaling post-ischemic stroke that controls neural stem cell proliferation.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Microglial Activation Under Hypoxic Conditions in Early Alzheimer's Disease: Can Natural SIRT1 Activators Be Therapeutic Allies in the Inflammation-Energy Axis?Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2026Review
- [Mechanism of Bushen Yijing Formula improving cognitive function in AlzheimerZhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences · 2026Article
- Immune receptor LAG3 regulates microglia function during Alzheimer's disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Genetic-Environmental Programming of Microglial Identity: Shaping Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Diseases.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Microglia-Astrocyte Cooperation and Peripheral T Cells in Alzheimer's Disease: State-of-the-Art and Treatment Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Responsive nanoparticles modulating microglia lactate transport alleviate M1-type polarization and neuroinflammation for brain injury therapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
40 authors.
Kimitoshi Kimura *The Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8359-2886
Ayshwarya Subramanian *The Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4134-7612
Zhuoran Yin *The Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Ahad Khalilnezhad *The Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6492-0517
Yufan WuThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9277-2515
Danyang HeThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Karen O DixonThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7811-5439
Udbhav Kasyap ChittaThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Xiaokai DingThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5844-5008
Niraj AdhikariThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Isabell GuzchenkoThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0009-0004-3112-963X
Xiaoming ZhangThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Ruihan TangThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Thomas PertelDepartment of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Samuel A MyersBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7636-0887
Aastha AasthaThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Masashi NomuraBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6095-7849
Ghazaleh Eskandari-SedighiInstitute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0447-7722
Vasundhara SinghBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8391-8527
Lei LiuThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4604-4629
Conner LambdenThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Kilian L KleemannThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2753-6804
Neha GuptaThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Jen-Li BarryThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Ana DuraoThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Yiran ChengThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Sebastian SilveiraThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Huiyuan ZhangThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Aamir SuhailThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8742-249X
Toni DeloreyBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6614-3803
Orit Rozenblatt-RosenBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Gordon J FreemanDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7210-5616
Dennis J SelkoeAnn Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8846-9767
Howard L WeinerThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Mathew Blurton-JonesInstitute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7770-7157
Carlos CruchagaDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0276-2899
Aviv RegevBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3293-3158
Mario L SuvàBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9898-5351
Oleg ButovskyThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. obutovsky@bwh.harvard.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-0186-8867
Vijay K KuchrooThe Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. vkuchroo@bwh.harvard.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-7177-2110
Funding
Transgenic/KnockoutP01AI056299 · NIAID · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) · PI BLAZAR, BRUCE R · 2003 to 2023
$42.5MProject 4 (Genetic modifiers for APOE-associated Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis)U19AG069701 · NIA · MAYO CLINIC JACKSONVILLE · PI ALISON M GOATE · 2021 to 2026
$42.0MThe Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at the University of California, IrvineP30AG066519 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE · PI Elizabeth Head · 2020 to 2026
$27.9MTransgenic / Knock-out mouse coreP01AI073748 · NIAID · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI BEHAR, SAMUEL M · 2008 to 2019
$17.1MTargeting TGFb/IFNy-IRF8 Signaling to Modulate Monocytes and their Crosstalk with Microglia and Astrocytes to Treat Multiple SclerosisR01NS088137 · NINDS · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI Oleg Butovsky · 2014 to 2026
$4.9MTargeting the miR-155 and APOE-TREM2 pathways to restore dysfunctional microglia in Alzheimer’s diseaseR01AG054672 · NIA · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI BUTOVSKY, OLEG, IKEZU, TSUNEYA · 2017 to 2021
$4.1MSex-dependent APOE4 regulation of neutrophil-microglia crosstalk in Alzheimer's diseaseR01AG075509 · NIA · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI Oleg Butovsky · 2022 to 2026
$3.6MRole of a novel risk loci HAVCR2 of late-onset Alzheimer's disease in the regulation of microglial response in neurodegenerationR01AG080992 · NIA · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI Oleg Butovsky, VIJAY K. KUCHROO · 2023 to 2026
$3.3MRole of Tim-3:Bat-3 pathway in inducing tolerogenic DCs and peripheral toleranceR01AI144166 · NIAID · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI VIJAY K. KUCHROO · 2020 to 2026
$3.2MMicroglial mechanisms of postoperative CNS inflammation and cognitive declineR01AG051812 · NIA · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI BUTOVSKY, OLEG, CROSBY, GREGORY · 2016 to 2020
$2.7MTumor susceptibility gene 101, a new microglial therapy candidate for Alzheimer’s disease to prevent cognitive declineRF1AG082704 · NIA · MAYO CLINIC JACKSONVILLE · PI IKEZU, SEIKO, IKEZU, TSUNEYA · 2023 to 2023
$2.0MRole of Microglia in Retinitis PigementosaR01EY027921 · NEI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI BUTOVSKY, OLEG, HAIDER, NEENA B · 2017 to 2019
$1.5MNEI NIH HHS R01 EY027921NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI056299NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI073748NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI144166NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066519NIA NIH HHS R01 AG051812NIA NIH HHS R01 AG054672NIA NIH HHS R01 AG075509NIA NIH HHS R01 AG080992NIA NIH HHS R21 AG076982NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG082704NIA NIH HHS U19 AG069701NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS088137
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the brain and have pivotal roles in neurodevelopment and neuroinflammation
Indexed as
Alzheimer DiseaseHepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2MicrogliaAmyloid beta-PeptidesAnimalsCognitive DysfunctionDisease Models, AnimalFemaleHomeostasisHumansMaleMiceMice, TransgenicPhagocytosisPhosphorylationReceptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type IIAmyloid beta-PeptidesHavcr2 protein, mouseHepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type IISmad2 ProteinTransforming Growth Factor beta
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.