ArticleMethodsX2025
Effectiveness of Chatbot interventions for reducing caregiver burden: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in MethodsX, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Conversational Agent Delivering Problem-Solving Therapy for Family Caregivers of Children With a Chronic Health Condition: Multiphase Mixed Methods Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Digital Support for Family Caregivers: Potential and Challenges of a Hypothetical AI Care Companion.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Physicians' perceptions and attitudes on artificial intelligence in hospital management: a qualitative study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This protocol outlines a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effectiveness of fully automated, AI-driven chatbot interventions in reducing subjective burden among informal caregivers. We will search 8 electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Scopus) and grey literature sources from January 2010 to December 2024 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) meeting predefined eligibility criteria. The primary outcome is caregiver burden, assessed using validated scales such as the Zarit Burden Interview. Secondary outcomes encompass caregiver mental health, quality of life, self-efficacy and care recipient status. Two reviewers will independently perform study selection, data extraction, risk of bias evaluation using Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and appraise certainty of evidence utilizing the GRADE approach. We will conduct random-effects meta-analyses, subgroup analyses, and meta-regression to compute pooled effect estimates and explore heterogeneity. If quantitative synthesis is precluded, narrative synthesis will be undertaken following SWiM guideline. Caregiver partners will provide input on interpretation and dissemination of findings.•Protocol adheres to PRISMA-P reporting standards and will be prospectively registered in PROSPERO•Graphviz code for replicating the systematic review methodology diagram is provided•Review will yield critical evidence to guide development and implementation of chatbots into caregiver support services.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.