ArticleNPJ climate and atmospheric science2025
Global and regional drivers for exceptional climate extremes in 2023-2024: beyond the new normal.
Article in NPJ climate and atmospheric science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of the 2022 heatwave and 2023 extreme summer snowfall on the mass balance of the Chhota Shigri Glacier, western Himalaya.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Physical understanding of the extreme global temperature jump in 2023.Communications earth & environment · 2026Article
- Reduced aerosol pollution diminished cloud reflectivity over the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Recent Advances in the Observation and Modeling of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions, Cloud Feedbacks, and Earth's Energy Imbalance: A Review.Current pollution reports · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Climate records have been broken with alarming regularity in recent years, but the events of 2023-2024 were exceptional even when accounting for recent climatic trends. Here we quantify these events across multiple variables and show how excess energy accumulation in the Earth system drove the exceptional conditions. Key factors were the positive decadal trend in Earth's Energy Imbalance (EEI), persistent La Niña conditions beginning in 2020, and the switch to El Niño in 2023. Between 2022 and 2023, the heating from EEI was over 75% larger than during the onset of similar recent El Niño events. We show further how regional processes shaped distinct patterns of record-breaking sea surface temperatures in individual ocean basins. If the recent trend in EEI is maintained, we argue that natural fluctuations such as ENSO cycles will increasingly lead to amplified, record-breaking impacts, with 2023-2024 serving as a glimpse of future climate extremes.
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Registered trials
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