Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40200868›Full record

Observational studyJournal of neurotrauma2025

Contribution of Extracranial Injuries to GOSE Scores after Traumatic Brain Injury TBI: A TRACK-Traumatic Brain Injury Study.

Nancy Temkin, Jason Barber, Joan Machamer, Gabriela Sugar, Molly Rose Morrissey, Kim Boase, Evan Zahniser, Yelena G Bodien, Joseph T Giacino, Michael A McCrea and 8 more

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Journal of neurotrauma, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Nancy TemkinDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Jason BarberDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3016-7800
Joan MachamerDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9644-4663
Gabriela SugarDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Molly Rose MorrisseyDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Kim BoaseDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Evan ZahniserSeattle Division, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Yelena G BodienDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4858-2903
Joseph T GiacinoDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7916-9698
Michael A McCreaDepartments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
Lindsay D NelsonDepartments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5258-953X
Murray B SteinDepartment of Psychiatry and Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
Sabrina TaylorDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Claudia RobertsonDepartment of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
David OkonkwoDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Geoff ManleyDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Sureyya DikmenDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
TRACK-TBI Investigators

Funding

Improving Patient Classification and Outcome Measurement in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)R01NS110856 · NINDS · MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN · PI NELSON, LINDSAY · 2019 to 2023
$3.0M
NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS110856
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) is the most widely used outcome measure for hospital-based studies of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The GOSE may be administered several ways, the choice depending on the purpose of the research. In this investigation, we evaluated the effect of administering the GOSE to collect functional disability attributed to all injuries sustained (GOSE-All) or excluding the impact of extracranial injuries (GOSE-TBI). We examined the differences in reported disability between the two administration methods at 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after injury. Data are summarized from 2288 individuals who were enrolled in the prospective observational Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in TBI (TRACK-TBI) cohort study. The distribution of scores is summarized by time after injury, brain injury severity, and extracranial injury severity. Dichotomizing the GOSE varying ways, differences in the prevalence of unfavorable outcomes for GOSE-All versus GOSE-TBI range from none to 42 percentage points. Discrepancies in disability captured by GOSE-All and GOSE-TBI decrease with greater TBI severity, no serious extracranial injuries, and longer time post-injury. It is important for researchers, given the aims of their studies, to decide in advance whether GOSE classification should be based on the effects of all injuries sustained or excluding the effects of extracranial injuries so as to emphasize the effects of the brain injury, as well as how disability due to emotional consequences of injury and other circumstances will be scored. Instructions to the respondent and outcomes examiner need to be clear about what causes of disability are to be included. The TBI Common Data Elements should include information that reflects the method that was used to collect the GOSE data and data repositories should disclose which data collection method was used for a given study.

Indexed as

Brain Injuries, TraumaticGlasgow Outcome ScaleAdolescentAdultAgedCohort StudiesDisability EvaluationFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesYoung Adultextracranial injuryGlasgow Outcome Scale Extendedglobal outcomemultiple traumaTRACK-TBItraumatic brain injuries

Identifiers

PMID40200868
PMCPMC12677206

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.