ArticleScientific reports2025
Menstrual blood serum extracellular vesicles reveal novel molecular biomarkers and potential endotypes of unexplained infertility.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Clinical potential of fluid-based biomarkers for recurrent implantation failure: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Sex differences in urinary extracellular vesicles originating from the genitourinary system in health and disease.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2026Review
- Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial actions of extracellular vesicles in vaginal infections: implications for female infertility.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Small Vesicles Big Impact: Exosomes in the Landscape of Women's Health.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Review
- Clinical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles: Promises and Pitfalls.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Menstrual fluid-derived small extracellular vesicles: a novel reservoir with distinct molecular signatures and implications for endometriosis etiopathology.Human reproduction open · 2026Article
- Closing the evidence loop-membrane-lipid homeostasis and vesicular transport link DEHP exposure to endometriosis.Human genomics · 2025Article
- Non-Invasive Extracellular Vesicle Biomarkers in Endometriosis, Molecular Signatures Linking Pelvic Inflammation, Oocyte Quality, and IVF OutcomesCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles - a potential tool for tissue regeneration and disease detection.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Several biomolecules have been previously associated with unexplained infertility (uIF) in blood and uterine samples, immune cells and their secreted factors, endometrial tissue, menstrual blood, serum, and stromal cells, however they do not comprehensively represent different uIF endotypes and their isolation/detection involves invasive diagnostic methods and lacks precision. This ex-vivo study was performed on extracellular vesicles (EVs) from menstrual blood collected on cycle day 2 from 9 fertile volunteers and 8 women with uIF. Menstrual blood serum (MBS) EVs were isolated from fertile and uIF MBS using Iodixanol Density Gradient Centrifugation and quantified by flow cytometry. EVs were characterized according to MISEV2023 guidelines. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of MBS EVs and EV-depleted MBS showed significant changes in uIF proteome, mostly affecting cell adhesion, immune response, apoptosis, response to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. These processes were previously linked to pathologies of the female reproductive system but never investigated in uIF and were used to stratify patients into distinct molecular endotypes. Area under the curve (AUC) analysis was used to determine the optimum set of biomarkers for each of the uIF molecular endotypes. These findings provide new insights into uIF that could facilitate personalised treatment approaches.
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